Artificial Activation of Mouse Oocytes with SrCl2 with Minimal Detrimental Effect on Early Embryonic Development

Arslan Mahmood Ahmad1, Muhammad Ameen Jamal1, Abdul Sattar1,

Aamir Ghafoor2, Aqeel Javeed3 and Amjad Riaz1*

1Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

2Department of Microbiology, University Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

3Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Arslan Mahmood Ahmad and Muhammad Ameen Jamal contributed equally to this study.

ABSTRACT

Zygote, the first step in the life establishment, is sensitive to environmental impact. Any detrimental effect to this unit may lead to major abnormalities in future development. Artificial activation of oocyte is a one of key step in cloning. Strontium chloride (SrCl2), a calcium oscillation inducing salt, is commonly used for the artificial activation mouse oocytes; however, limited reports are available to evaluate its negative impact. The objective of this study was to optimize the concentration of SrCl2 for artificial activation of mouse oocytes and to evaluate its toxic effect on early embryonic development. Our results indicated that higher percentage of activation of mouse oocyte was achieved with 10mM and 15mM for period of 3 h and 6 h compared to the control group (P<0.05). To examine the toxic effect, 10mM SrCl2 with 3 h exposure showed minimal detrimental effect on embryo development. Collectively, our findings revealed that 10mM concentration of SrCl2 for 3 h exposure was appropriate for oocyte activation with the least toxic impact for embryonic development.

Article Information

Received 26 January 2020

Revised 04 March 2020

Accepted 26 March 2020

Available online 19 August 2021

Authors’ Contribution

AR and AS supervised and designed the experiments. AMA ans MAJ performed the experiments and compiled the data. AG and AJ executed statistical analysis and wrote the manuscript.

Key words

Embryonic development, Mice, Parthenogenesis, Strontium chloride, Toxicity

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20200126180124

* Corresponding author: dramjadriaz@uvas.edu.pk

0030-9923/2021/0005-1913 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2021 Zoological Society of Pakistan

INTRODUCTION

Artificial activation is a developmental event that occurs without paternal contribution (Ramachandran et al., 2018). This is a key step for activation of reconstructed oocytes/embryos in the animal cloning program (Kishigami et al., 2006). Previously it was demonstrated that embryonic stem cell have been derived from the parthenotes (Varrault et al., 2018). These embryonic stem cells are equally competent to fertilized embryonic stem cell in terms of pluripotency and proliferation (Ju et al., 2008). Artificial activation provides useful information to understand the mechanism of fertilization and the contribution of paternal genome for the early embryonic development. It is complex process involving series of events that are essential for oocytes activation and early embryonic development. One of the most notable events is an increase of intracellular Ca2+ ions (Miyazaki et al., 1993; Lee et al., 2016) that causes activation of protein kinase C and reduction of the maturation promoting factor (Galis et al., 2020). Finally, meiotic resumption occurs resulting in activation of oocyte similar to the natural fertilization process (Jones et al., 1995; Sepulveda-Rincon et al., 2016).

The artificial activation of oocytes can be performed either by physical or chemical methods. The physical activation methods include electric stimulations (Mitalipov et al., 1999) or temperature variations (Stice et al., 1994) whereas in chemical method different chemical reagents are used for oocytes activation with different time frame. In the mouse model, strontium chloride (SrCl2) has been used successfully for oocyte activation as it induces repetitive Ca2+ oscillations similar to those that occur during normal fertilization. Thus this method is assumed to resemble the natural fertilization even if it does not completely mimic the oocyte activation by sperm (Kishigami et al., 2007; Norozi-Hafshejani et al., 2018).

Although oocyte activation with SrCl2 is achieved but very limited reports are available regarding the toxicological properties of SrCl2 in living tissues. The objective of present study was to minimize the embryonic exposure to SrCl2 for an optimum activation process. Furthermore, during animal cloning, the addition of a cell permeable mycotoxin, cytochalasin B (CB), is also an integral part of activation protocol. CB prevents release of 2nd polar body by inhibiting the polymerization process and disrupting the actin filaments (Modlinski, 1980; Hou et al., 2016). This inhibition is important to maintain the diploid nature of oocyte during the parthenogenesis process. It is reported that, the diploid oocytes have more developmental competence as compared to haploid form (Liu et al., 2002; Ma et al., 2017). After optimizing the minimum exposure of SrCl2 for activation process the minimum exposure time sufficient to maintain the diploid nature of chromosomes and effect of extra exposure timing with CB were also investigated. The objective was to minimize the embryonic exposure to SrCl2 and CB for optimum activation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

BALB/c female mice (7-9 weeks old) were used as experimental animals. All mice were housed on 12 h dark/ 12 h light cycle and all the experimental protocols were performed accordance to the guidelines of Ethical Committee for use of laboratory animals at University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences.

Female BALB/c mice, were super stimulated as reported previously (Jamal et al., 2017). Briefly, equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG 5.0 IU, Choronogest, Intervet) followed by 5 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG 5.0, IVF-C, LG Life Sciences) 48 h apart were injected intraperitoneally. Females were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and oocytes were collected by euthanizing females 13 h post hCG. Cumulus cells were released by treating with 300 µg/mL hyaluronidase (Sigma, H4272) in M2 media (Sigma, M7167) with gentle pipetting for 60s.

For zygote collection, super-ovulated females were exposed to breeding males and mating was confirmed by the formation of vaginal plug. Plug positive females were euthanized 18 h post hCG and zygotes were collected by puncturing ampulla in M2 medium (Sigma, M7167). The oocytes and zygotes were incubated at 37ºC for 30 min prior to further treatment.

Experiment 1 was conducted to optimize the treatment of SrCl2 for oocyte activation. Oocytes were exposed to 5, 10 and 15 mM concentrations of SrCl2 for 3, 6 and 9 h in Ca+2 free CZB medium. The medium was supplemented with cytochalasin B (CB; 5µg.mL) to maintain the diploid nature of developing embryos. All incubations were performed at 37 ºC and in 5% CO2.

Experiment 2, was conducted to evaluate the toxic impact of SrCl2 on normal embryonic development. For this purpose, In-vivo fertilized zygotes were exposed with optimal treatments of experiment 1.

Experiment 3 was conducted to evaluate, whether the CB exposure time during experiment 1 (optimal treatment, 10 mM, 3 h) is sufficient for activating oocytes/embryos. Oocytes were exposed to CB (5µg. mL) for 0, 3 and 6 h intervals.

Activated oocytes were washed twice and incubated in CZB culture media at 37 ºC with 5% CO2 until evaluated for developmental potential. The oocyte death rate and cleavage were observed at 1, 24 h after activation. Whilst, morula and blastocyst were observed 72 and 96 h post activation.

The statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software SPSS-17 version and statistical level was set at P<0.05. Binary logistic regression was used for analysis of the rate of cleavage, morula and blastocyst. Odds ratio was calculated for these parameters.

RESULTS

To determine the role of SrCl2 in artificial activation, oocytes were exposed with SrCl2 (5, 10, 15 mM) for three different-time intervals (3, 6, 9 h). The data revealed that 10 and 15 mM concentrations of SrCl2 for 3 and 6 h durations have more tendency for artificial activation of oocytes (P<0.05) (Fig. 1). The highest tendency (odd ratio; OD) for activation was calculated for 10 mM concentration for 3 h duration (OD = 2.94). To further determine the developmental fate of these artificially activated oocytes, the oocytes were cultured in M16 medium and early embryonic developmental potential was examined. The result indicated higher proportions of blastocyst formation at 10 mM SrCl2 for 3 h exposure relative to the other concentrations (P>0.05) (Fig. 1). When the negative impact of activation process in terms of dead oocytes was calculated, surprisingly it was observed that the lowest concentration 5 mM have a higher dead oocytes rate. However, 15 mM concentration of SrCl2 for long duration exposure (9 h) also has the higher dead oocyte percentage (P>0.05) (Table I). So, 10 mM SrCl2 concentration for 3 h durations was concluded as the optimum for mouse oocyte activation.

The data regarding the toxicological impact of SrCl2 on fertilized zygotes showed that SrCl2 did not affect the overall embryos developmental potential (p>0.05). However, the tendency at cleavage stage is more affected (1 vs 0.64) as compared to further developmental stages (morula blastocyst) (Table II).

The data regarding Cytochalasin-B (CB) treatment indicated that CB treatment significantly improved the activation potential of oocytes. The oocytes activated without CB has decreased cleavage rate and failed to develop to blastocyst as compared to other groups (Table III).

 

Table I. Effect of Strontium concentration and exposure timings on artificial activation and development of mouse oocytes.

Concentration	5mM			10 mM			15mM
Timings (h)	3	6	9	3	6	9	3	6	9
Treated oocytes (n)	84	91	55	108	105	63	88	91	51
Dead oocytes	17%	16%	16%	9%	10%	13%	11%	12%	18%
Odd ratio	1	0.99	0.98	0.51	0.58	0.72	0.64	0.68	1.11
Cleavage	48%	50%	48%	*72%	*67%	56%	*69%	*69%	59%
Odd ratio	1	1.12	1.03	2.94	2.28	1.45	2.51	2.37	1.49
Morula	36%	42%	27%	50%	49%	25%	48%	47%	29%
Odd ratio	1	1.27	0.65	1.80	1.69	0.61	1.51	1.57	0.72
Blastocyst	21%	26%	13%	34%	32%	13%	31%	32%	17%
Odd ratio	1	1.33	1.39	1.89	1.73	1.29	1.62	1.81	0.74

 

*represents the significance value (P<0.05) with respect to reference category (5mM concentration for 3 h exposure) in binary logistic regression. Dead oocytes were observed 1 h after culturing of oocytes. Rate of cleavage, morula and blastocysts were observed 24, 72 and 96 h post activation. Morula and blastocyst (%) were calculated on basis of cleavage.

 

When the duration of CB treatment was evaluated then additional 3 h exposure did not significantly improve the cleavage rate and also embryonic development (Table III).

 

Table II. Effect of SrCl2 (10 mM) treatment on mouse embryonic in-vitro development.

Timings (h)	0 h	3 h	6 h
Cleavage rate	93%	90%	90%
Odd ratio	1	0.64	0.64
Morulla	86%	85%	81%
Odd ratio	1	0.96	0.73
Blastocyst	75%	70%	68%
Odd ratio	1	0.76	0.71

 

Numbers of oocytes in each treatment were 30.

 

Table III. Effects of cytochalasin-B addition in activation media on mouse oocyte activation and development.

CB exposure timings (addition in media)	0 h (no addition)	3 h (3h activation)	6 h (3h activation + 3h culture)
Cleavage rate	34%*	73%	73%
Odd ratio	0.20	1.03	1
Morula	0%*	87%	91%
Odd ratio	0.00	0.70	1
Blastocyst	0%*	46%	55%
Odd ratio	0.00	0.71	1

 

*represents the significance value (P<0.05) with respect to reference category (6 h) in binary logistic regression. Morula and blastocyst (%) were calculated on basis of cleavage. Numbers of oocytes in each treatment were 30.

DISCUSSION

Artificial activation of oocytes has been reported in the number of species including mouse (Ma et al., 2005), rat (Tomashov-Matar et al., 2005), rabbit (Ozil et al., 2001), bovines (Méo et al., 2004), porcine (Hao et al., 2006) and human (Versieren et al., 2010). Oocytes are usually arrested at the metaphase-II stage of meiosis until fertilized by sperm cell. The key factor for meiotic resumption is calcium oscillations (Lee et al., 2016). During artificial activation, calcium oscillations occur through stimulation of inositol triphosphate receptor (Zhang et al., 2005) which increases cytosolic calcium resulting in meiotic resumption (Murugesu et al., 2017). Different activation methods have been adopted in different species to improve the developmental potential of artificially activated oocytes; however, few studies evaluated the toxic effect of these reagents used in different activation protocol. Thus, it is important to evaluate the detrimental effect of these chemicals on early embryonic developmental competency and develop further strategies to reduce the toxic effects (Han et al., 2013). Therefore, in current study, we determined the mouse oocytes artificial activation with different concentrations of SrCl2 (5, 10, 15 mM) for different time intervals (3, 6, 9 h) was observed. Moreover, detrimental effects of SrCl2 and CB were also evaluated.

The activation process depends upon the frequency and amplitude of calcium oscillation. Comparatively high activation rates were obtained at 10 and 15 mM concentration for 3 and 6 h (Table I). These results were consistent with previous report (Loren et al., 2006) which demonstrated that 10 and 15 mM concentrations are equally competent for oocyte activation. 10 mM concentration has been declared more favourable for calcium oscillation (Cheek et al., 1993; Bos-Mikich et al., 1995). However, it has also been reported that 5mM concentration of SrCl2 is suboptimal for calcium oscillation (Alberio et al., 2001). These results demonstrated that out of 10, 15 mM, the lower concentration 10 mM SrCl2 was found to be optimal for mouse oocyte activation.

In terms of exposure duration with SrCl2, longer exposures resulted in higher number of morphologically abnormal oocytes (Table I). These findings was consistent with previous reports that longer exposure potentiate cleavage reulting in morphologically abnormal embryos (Han and Gao, 2013). Moreover, morphologically abnormal embryos were more at lower concentration (5 mM) as it falied to provoke sufficient signals for calcium oscillation.

Toxicological experiment demonstrated no significant difference at the different exposure time (Table II). It revealed that SrCl2 is non-toxic for developing embryos. Although, it provokes calcium oscillations but it is reported that Ca2+ oscillations stop after meiotic resumption. Hence, strontium treatment may not intervene with the Ca2+signalling process triggered during natural fertilization resulting in non-toxic for fertilized zygotes. Up to best of knowledge, the toxic effect of 10 mM SrCl2 was reported the first time as no previous reports are available.

After evaluating the toxic effect of the best dose (10mM for 3 h), the next target was to elaborate the optimum exposure time of CB necessary for maintaining the diploid nature of activated oocytes. The results demonstrated a significant difference (p<0.05) of treatment groups with control (0 h). This was due to maintaining diploid nature of parthenotes by CB. The similar outcomes were reported previously that haploid parthenotes undergo fragmentation resulting in compromised development (Liu et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2005). However, when CB exposure time (3, 6 h) was compared, no significant differences were observed (Table III). Additional CB exposure in culture media tends to increase in blastocyst development rate (Ma et al., 2005).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, 10 mM concentration of SrCl2 for 3 h exposure is an appropriate for oocyte activation and this treatment has least toxic impact on the future embryonic development. In addition, CB availability for this time duration is sufficient for further development but it needs to be investigated in details by conducting cytogenetic studies.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are thankful to Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan for providing funds to establish mice colony and embryology laboratory in the department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Statement of conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES

Alberio, R., Zakhartchenko, V., Motlik, J. and Wolf, E., 2001. Mammalian oocyte activation: Lessons from the sperm and implications for nuclear transfer. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 45: 797-809.

Bos-Mikich, A., Swann, K. and Whittingham, D.G., 1995. Calcium oscillations and protein synthesis inhibition synergistically activate mouse oocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 41: 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080410113

Cheek, T.R., McGuinness, O.M., Vincent, C., Moreton, R.B., Berridge, M.J. and Johnson, M.H., 1993. Fertilisation and thimerosal stimulate similar calcium spiking patterns in mouse oocytes but by separate mechanisms. Development, 119: 179-189.

Galis, F. and van Alphen, J.J., 2020. Parthenogenesis and developmental constraints. Evolut. Dev., 22: 205-217. https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12324

Han, B.S. and Gao, J.L., 2013. Effects of chemical combinations on the parthenogenetic activation of mouse oocytes. Exp. Ther. Med., 5: 1281-1288. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2013.1018

Hao, Y.H., Lai, L.X., Liu, Z.H., Im, G.S., Wax, D., Samuel, M., Murphy, C.N., Sutovsky, P. and Prather, R.S., 2006. Developmental competence of porcine parthenogenetic embryos relative to embryonic chromosomal abnormalities. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 73: 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.20358

Hou, X., Liu, J., Zhang, Z., Zhai, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Tang, B., Zhang, X., Sun, L. and Li, Z., 2016. Effects of cytochalasin B on DNA methylation and histone modification in parthenogenetically activated porcine embryos. Reproduction, 152: 519-527. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-16-0280

Jamal, M.A., Ahmad, A.M., Tahir, M., Munir, S., Sattar, A., Ghafoor, A. and Riaz, A., 2017. Effect of increasing gonadotropin dose on superovulatory response in aged females: A study on mice. J. Ent. Zool. Stud., 5: 984-898.

Jones, K.T., Carroll, J., Merriman, J.A., Whittingham, D.G. and Kono, T., 1995. Repetitive sperm-induced Ca2+ transients in mouse oocytes are cell cycle dependent. Development, 121: 3259-3266.

Ju, J.Y., Park, C.Y., Gupta, M.K., Uhm, S.J., Paik, E.C., Ryoo, Z.Y., Cho, Y.H., Chung, K.S. and Lee, H.T., 2008. Establishment of stem cell lines from nuclear transferred and parthenogenetically activated mouse oocytes for therapeutic cloning. Fertil. Steril., 89: 1314-1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.203

Kishigami, S., Wakayama, S., Thuan, N.V., Ohta, H., Mizutani, E., Hikichi, T., Bui, H.T., Balbach, S., Ogura, A., Boiani, M. and Wakayama, T., 2006. Production of cloned mice by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nat. Protoc., 1: 125-138. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.21

Kishigami, S. and Wakayama, T., 2007. Efficient strontium-induced activation of mouse oocytes in standard culture media by chelating calcium. J. Reprod. Dev., 53: 1207-1215. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.19067

Lee, H.C., Yoon, S.Y., Lykke-Hartmann, K., Fissore, R.A. and Carvacho, I., 2016. TRPV3 channels mediate Ca(2)(+) influx induced by 2-APB in mouse eggs. Cell Calcium, 59: 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceca.2015.12.001

Liu, L., Trimarchi, J.R. and Keefe, D.L., 2002. Haploidy but not parthenogenetic activation leads to increased incidence of apoptosis in mouse embryos. Biol. Reprod., 66: 204-210. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod66.1.204

Loren, J. and Lacham-Kaplan, O., 2006. The employment of strontium to activate mouse oocytes: effects on spermatid-injection outcome. Reproduction, 131: 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00894

Ma, S.F., Liu, X.Y., Miao, D.Q., Han, Z.B., Zhang, X., Miao, Y.L., Yanagimachi, R. and Tan, J.H., 2005. Parthenogenetic activation of mouse oocytes by strontium chloride: A search for the best conditions. Theriogenology, 64: 1142-1157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.03.002

Ma, W.J. and Schwander, T., 2017. Patterns and mechanisms in instances of endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis. J. Evol. Biol., 30: 868-888. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13069

Méo, S.C., Leal, C.L.V. and Garcia, J.M., 2004. Activation and early parthenogenesis of bovine oocytes treated with ethanol and strontium. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 81: 35-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2003.09.004

Mitalipov, S.M., White, K.L., Farrar, V.R., Morrey, J. and Reed, W.A., 1999. Development of nuclear transfer and parthenogenetic rabbit embryos activated with inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate. Biol. Reprod., 60: 821-827. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod60.4.821

Miyazaki, S., Shirakawa, H., Nakada, K. and Honda, Y., 1993. Essential role of the inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor/Ca2+ release channel in Ca2+ waves and Ca2+ oscillations at fertilization of mammalian eggs. Dev. Biol., 158: 62-78. https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1993.1168

Modlinski, J.A., 1980. Preimplantation development of microsurgically obtained haploid and homozygous diploid mouse embryos and effects of pretreatment with cytochalasin B on enucleated eggs. J. Embryol. exp. Morphol., 60: 153-161.

Murugesu, S., Saso, S., Jones, B.P., Bracewell-Milnes, T., Athanasiou, T., Mania, A., Serhal, P. and Ben-Nagi, J., 2017. Does the use of calcium ionophore during artificial oocyte activation demonstrate an effect on pregnancy rate? A meta-analysis. Fertil. Steril., 108: 468-482. e463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.06.029

Norozi-Hafshejani, M., Tavalaee, M., Azadi, L., Bahadorani, M. and Nasr-Esfahani, M.H., 2018. Effects of assisted oocyte activation with calcium-ionophore and strontium chloride on in vitro ICSI outcomes. Iran. J. Basic med. Sci., 21: 1109.

Ozil, J.P. and Huneau, D., 2001. Activation of rabbit oocytes: the impact of the Ca2+ signal regime on development. Development, 128: 917-928.

Ramachandran, R., Nascimento Dos Santos, M., Parker, H.M. and McDaniel, C.D., 2018. Parental sex effect of parthenogenesis on progeny production and performance of Chinese painted quail (Coturnix chinensis). Theriogenology, 118: 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.05.027

Sepulveda-Rincon, L.P., del Llano Solanas, E., Serrano-Revuelta, E., Ruddick, L., Maalouf, W.E. and Beaujean, N., 2016. Early epigenetic reprogramming in fertilized, cloned, and parthenogenetic embryos. Theriogenology, 86: 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.022

Stice, S.L., Keefer, C.L. and Matthews, L., 1994. Bovine nuclear transfer embryos: Oocyte activation prior to blastomere fusion. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 38: 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080380111

Tomashov-Matar, R., Tchetchik, D., Eldar, A., Kaplan-Kraicer, R., Oron, Y. and Shalgi, R., 2005. Strontium-induced rat egg activation. Reproduction, 130: 467-474. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00746

Varrault, A., Eckardt, S., Girard, B., Le Digarcher, A., Sassetti, I., Meusnier, C., Ripoll, C., Badalyan, A., Bertaso, F. and McLaughlin, K.J., 2018. Mouse parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells with biparental-like expression of imprinted genes generate cortical-like neurons that integrate into the injured adult cerebral cortex. Stem Cells, 36: 192-205. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.2721

Versieren, K., Heindryckx, B., Lierman, S., Gerris, J. and De Sutter, P., 2010. Developmental competence of parthenogenetic mouse and human embryos after chemical or electrical activation. Reprod. Biomed. Online, 21: 769-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.07.001

Zhang, D., Pan, L., Yang, L.-H., He, X.-K., Huang, X.-Y. and Sun, F.-Z., 2005. Strontium promotes calcium oscillations in mouse meiotic oocytes and early embryos through InsP3 receptors, and requires activation of phospholipase and the synergistic action of InsP3. Hum. Reprod., 20: 3053-3061. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dei215