Plant Species in Immature Oil Palm Plantation Areas in Kolaka Regency, Indonesia
Research Article
Plant Species in Immature Oil Palm Plantation Areas in Kolaka Regency, Indonesia
Damhuri Damhuri1*, La Ode Muh. Munadi2, Lili Darlian1 and Sitti Wirdhana Ahmad3
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Halu Oleo University, 2Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Halu Oleo University, 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University. Jl. H.E.A Mokodompit, Campus Hijau Bumi Tridharma, Anduonohu, Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi, 93232 Indonesia.
Abstract | This study analyses the botanical composition, species diversity, dominance, and evenness of plant species in immature oil palm plantation areas in Kolaka Regency. The study area is 7.698,46 hectares, with 2.732,91 hectares of immature oil palm plants. The study was conducted for eight months, from January to August 2024, in two main sub-districts, namely Tanggetada and Watubangga. Data were collected through field observation methods with exploration and sampling using the transect method to identify plant community types. Sampling was carried out in six villages such as Kastura Village, Polenga Village, Kukutio Village (Watubangga District), as well as Pundaipa Village, Oneeha Village, and Tinggo Village (Tanggetada District), with a total of 50 sample points per village. Vegetation analysis using the Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR) calculation, which includes Absolute Density (AD), Absolute Frequency (AF), Relative Density (RD), Relative Frequency (RF), Importance Value (IV), Species Diversity Index (H’), Dominance Index (C), and Evenness Index (E). The findings show that the dominant species vary in each village, including Panicum maximum (Jacq.) (Polenga, SDR: 3.4592%), Mikania micrantha Kunt. (Kastura, SDR: 3.6073%), Phymatodes sp. (Kukutio, SDR: 3.6183%), Nephrolepis bisserrata (Pundaipa, SDR: 3.6072%), Chromolaena odorata (L.) King (Tinggo, SDR: 3.9861%), and Asystasia coromandeliana Ness. (Village, SDR: 3.5335%). The species diversity value (1<H’<3) at all locations is moderate, indicating a stable plant diversity.
Received | January 01, 2025; Accepted | February 16, 2025; Published | May 13, 2025
*Correspondence | Damhuri Damhuri, Department of Biology, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Halu Oleo University, Email: [email protected]
Citation | Damhuri, D., L.O.M. Munadi., L. Darlian and S.W. Ahmad. 2025. Plant species in immature oil palm plantation areas in kolaka regency, Indonesia. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 41(2): 737-751.
DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2025/41.2.737.751
Keywords | Plant species, Oil palm plantation, Immature, Summed dominance ratio, Diversity, Dominance, Evenness
Copyright: 2025 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Introduction
Indonesia has the largest area of oil palm plantations in the world, reaching 15.435,70 million hectares in the last year. Oil palm plantations strategically support the national economy by contributing to exports, employment absorption, and rural development (Munadi et al., 2023; Sani et al., 2023). West Kalimantan Province is the province with the largest area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia, which is 2.200,80 million hectares, which reflects the great potential for natural resource management in the region. In contrast, North Maluku Province has the smallest area of oil palm plantations, only 5,60 thousand hectares, which illustrates the disparity in the development of the plantation sector between regions in Indonesia.
In Southeast Sulawesi, the area of oil palm plantations is 75.921 hectares, showing the significant contribution of this region to the national plantation sector. One of the districts that are the centre of oil palm plantation activities in this province is Kolaka Regency, with a total plantation area of 31.291 hectares. Kolaka Regency, Tanggetada District and Watubangga District are the main areas for oil palm development, each with a plantation area of 5.085,81 thousand hectares and 2.612.73 thousand hectares (Efendy and Lataniambo, 2024).
This research focuses on the oil palm plantation area in Kolaka Regency, with a total research area of 7.698,46 thousand hectares. Of this area, around 2.732,91 hectares are oil palm plants that have not yet been produced. The existence of these immature plants presents challenges in land management and efforts to increase productivity, considering that this stage requires special attention in terms of maintenance and management of natural resources (Sani et al., 2021; Munadi et al., 2021; Sani et al., 2021). The research area, which consists of immature oil palm plantations, also has interesting ecological characteristics, especially regarding the diversity of plant species that grow in the area. These plants include various species that can function as natural ground cover, carbon absorbers, and protection against soil erosion. However, these plants also need to be appropriately managed not to inhibit the growth of oil palms.
Oil palm plantation areas in Southeast Sulawesi, especially in Kolaka Regency, have challenges in the form of environmental management. The vast area of plantation land is often associated with deforestation and changes in land use, which can impact the local ecosystem. Therefore, an integrated approach between economic, social, and environmental aspects is key in developing this area. In the socio-economic context, oil palm plantations in Tanggetada and Watubangga Districts serve as the local community’s primary livelihood source. Many families depend on activities in this plantation sector, either as plasma farmers, workers, or providers of supporting services. On the other hand, the vast area of oil palm land that has not yet been produced is an opportunity to apply modern technology in plantation management.
This study also considers the potential for increasing productivity through diversification of area use. For example, planting intercrops compatible with oil palm can provide additional income for farmers while improving soil health. In addition, an agroforestry approach can be implemented to integrate oil palm with forest plants with high ecological value (Zulkarnain et al., 2021; Astarika et al., 2023). Another important aspect is the analysis of plant species composition in the oil palm plantation area, which has not yet been produced. This information can be used to identify the potential use of local plants as a source of animal feed, organic materials for fertilizer, or other industrial raw materials. A deep understanding of plant diversity can also support biodiversity conservation amidst plantation intensification.
Supporting sustainable management, this study provides data and analysis that can be used to plan more effective management of oil palm plantation areas. This includes the management of plant diversity for the implementation of environmentally friendly agricultural practices. The novelty of this study lies in the specific analysis of immature oil palm plants in the study area. The focus on the diversity of local plant species growing around immature plants aims to provide a new perspective on the ecological and economic potential that has received little attention. This study is also one of the first to examine the diversity of plant species in oil palm plantations in Kolaka Regency. This study not only offers practical solutions for plantation management but also contributes to developing a sustainable oil palm management model in Indonesia.
Materials and Methods
Research Location
This research was conducted in an immature oil palm plantation area located in Kolaka Regency. The study was conducted for eight months, from January to August 2024. The research activity began with observations of the conditions and area of the oil palm plantation, which was the focus of the study. The research location covered two main sub-districts: Tanggetada
and Watubangga (Figure 1). The selection of these two locations was based on the area of immature oil palm plantations, which reached 2.732,91 hectares. Oil palm plants in this area are immature, so they are relevant objects to be analyzed in managing, maintaining, and optimising the area’s potential.
Tools and Materials
The equipment used includes a questionnaire to obtain information, a GPS (Global Positioning System) to determine the coordinates of the research location, a digital camera to document field conditions, and a roll meter to measure the area accurately. In addition, devices such as tropical greenery E-books are used as field references, compasses for direction orientation, raffia ropes, digital scales, bamboo, machetes, scissors, large plastic, label paper, newspaper, and stationery are the prominent supporters in the process of taking and processing samples. The materials studied in this study include various types of greenery that grow in oil palm plantation areas.
Data Collection and Sampling
The research data were obtained through observation, direct observation, and identification processes in the oil palm plantation area. The research sample included all types of plant species found in the unproductive oil palm plantation area located in Watubangga District and Tanggetada District.
Data Collection Technique
Data collection techniques used field observation methods, such as exploring and taking transect samples, to determine the plant community type in the oil palm plantation area. At each point, a transect measuring 10x30 m2 was made with a width of 10 meters on the right and left. Then, identified the types of plants, record, and compare the types of plants using tropical greenery E-books, the internet, and other literature.
Botanical Composition Sampling
Sampling for botanical composition analysis was conducted in six villages across two sub-districts. In Watubangga Sub-district, the research locations included Kastura Village, Polenga Village, and Kukutio Village. Meanwhile, the research was conducted in Tanggetada Sub-district, Pundaipa Village, Oneeha Village, and Tinggo Village. In each village, samples were taken from unproductive oil palm plantation areas with 50 sample points per village. Overall, the transect method was used to sample all research locations, with 300 points. Identification of plant species was carried out through field exploration and herbarium collections. Plant specimens were collected from each location based on the specific conditions of the unproductive oil palm plantation area (Figure 2 and Figure 3). Furthermore, the collected plant specimens were identified by comparing the physical
characteristics of the plants with related scientific literature to determine the type name and Latin name of the plant.
Analysis of Data
Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR)
The calculations used to analyze vegetation on oil palm plantations use the Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR), including Absolute Density (AD), Absolute Frequency (AF), Relative Density (RD), Relative Frequency (RF), and Important Value (IV) (Moenadir, 1993; Sembodo, 2010; Kastanja, 2011).
Species Diversity Index (H’)
Where;
H’ = Species diversity index.
Pi = Opportunities of interest for each species= ni/N.
Ni = Number of individuals of each species.
N = Total number of individuals.
The classification of diversity values is as follows:
H’< 1 = Low diversity
1 < H’ < 3 = Moderate diversity
H’ > 3 = High diversity.
Dominance Index
Where;
C = Dominance index.
Ni = Importance values for each species.
N = Total value of interest.
Dominance index result criteria:
0<C<C0,5 = There is no dominant type.
0,5<C<1 = There is a type that dominates.
Evenness Index
E = H’/H maks.
Where;
E = Evenness index.
H’ = shanon-wiener diversity index.
H’ maks = log 2 S.= 3,3219 log S.
S = Number of taxa.
The following criteria are used to determine the evenness value:
>0,6= High.
0,3-0,6 = Moderate.
<0,3= Low.
Results and Discussion
SDR
Plant species in oil palm plantation areas that have not yet been produced in various regions have different numbers of species because they are influenced by the intensity of light that directly hits the soil base where the species grows. Light is an environmental factor that affects secondary plants’ growth, development, and metabolism and has an optimal light range for growth (Guo et al., 2006; Zoratti et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2018). The SDR of Immature plants in Watubangga District is presented in Table 1.
Warastra et al. (2016) plant species on unproductive oil palm plantations in Aluebilie District, Naganraya Regency are Nephrolepis bisserata 31.90%, Stenochlaena palutris 22.24%, Asystasia gangetica 13.48%, and Derris elliptica 23.64%. This is certainly different from the results of research that has been carried out in Polenga Village; the plant species with the highest SDR value was Panicum maximum (Jacq.) 3.4592%, and the lowest was the Phymatopteris triloba (Houtt.) Pic. Serm. with a value of 1.5313%. Study Nasution et al. (2017) that on oil palm plantations there are Eleusine indica species has a value of 21.61%, Echinochloa colona 12.33%, Synedrella nodiflora 18.60%, Asystasia intrusa 20.95%, and Paspalum conjugatum 9.79%.
Abdi et al. (2018) reported that plant species found in the unproductive oil palm plantation area in the PTPN V plantation, Kampar Regency, Riau Province, have varying SDR values based on type such as Ageratum conyzoides 21.22%, Axonopus compressus 17.02%, Amarantus spinosus 15.48%, and Cyperus kyllingia 12.88%. This finding contrasts with the research results in Kastura Village, where the species with the highest SDR value was Mikania micrantha Kunt., recorded at 3.6073%. Meanwhile, the species with the lowest SDR value was Asystasia coromandeliana Ness, with a value of 1.4305%.
At the research location of Kukutio Village, the plant species with the highest SDR value was Phymatodes sp. with a value of 3.6183% and the lowest was the plant species Scleria sumatrensis Retz with a value of 1.6634%. The SDR value of plant species in immature oil palm stands in Tanggetada District is presented in Table 2.
This shows that the plant species with the highest SDR value in Pundaipa Village was Nephrolepis bisserratai 3.6072%, while the lowest species was Pennisetum purpureum Schumach with 1.4932% SDR value. Tinggo Village has the highest SDR value of species Chromolaena odorata (L.) with value of 3.9861%; the
Table 1: Summed Dominance Ratio of Watubangga District.
|
Family |
Species |
SDR (%) Polenga |
SDR (%) Kastura |
SDR (%) Kukutio |
|
Acanthaceae |
Asystasia coromandeliana Ness. |
2.1609 |
1.4305 |
3.5335 |
|
Mikania micrantha Kunt. |
2.4964 |
3.6073 |
2.0198 |
|
|
Adiantaceae |
Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw. |
2.0343 |
1.5920 |
2.7892 |
|
Aspleniaceae |
Asplenium macrophyllum Sw. |
1.6860 |
1.6911 |
3.5492 |
|
Asplenium nidus L. |
2.1481 |
2.7853 |
4.0030 |
|
|
Asplenium platyneuron (L.) |
3.1860 |
2.3488 |
2.0292 |
|
|
Asteraceae |
Ageratum conyzoides L. |
2.6524 |
2.0285 |
1.7985 |
|
Chromolaena odorata (L.) King |
3.1050 |
2.6296 |
1.9852 |
|
|
Cyperaceae |
Cyperus distans L.f. |
2.6477 |
1.6769 |
2.4705 |
|
Cyperus rotundus L. |
2.3885 |
1.9095 |
2.4642 |
|
|
Cyperus kylingia |
2.1059 |
2.3205 |
1.8062 |
|
|
Scleria sumatrensis Retz. |
2.5961 |
2.4026 |
1.6634 |
|
|
Dennsteadtiaceae |
Nephrolepis bisserrata |
1.6954 |
2.7259 |
2.3260 |
|
Euphorbia hirta L. |
2.4213 |
2.7174 |
2.6918 |
|
|
Euphorbiaceae |
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn |
1.8092 |
2.0624 |
2.2317 |
|
Gleicheniaceae |
Gleichenia liniaris |
2.6101 |
2.7542 |
1.7136 |
|
Lycopodiaceae |
Licopodium cernuum |
2.4260 |
3.2785 |
3.5303 |
|
Malvaceae |
Urena lobata L. |
3.0757 |
2.8533 |
2.7201 |
|
Melastomataceae |
Clidemia hirta (L.) D.Don |
2.9443 |
1.9460 |
2.3354 |
|
Mimosaceae |
Mimosa pudica L. |
1.8936 |
1.6033 |
2.6950 |
|
Poaceae |
Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv. |
2.2372 |
2.5471 |
2.0575 |
|
Brachiaria miliformis |
2.5245 |
2.1587 |
2.0355 |
|
|
Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf |
2.7602 |
2.0738 |
2.7232 |
|
|
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. |
1.8655 |
2.3517 |
1.8376 |
|
|
Cyrtococcum accrencens |
2.8787 |
3.5903 |
2.8112 |
|
|
Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. |
2.8318 |
1.9378 |
2.4485 |
|
|
Digitaria cilliaris |
2.0871 |
3.2643 |
2.0575 |
|
|
Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. |
2.6008 |
2.7089 |
2.3857 |
|
|
Ischaemum timorense Kunth. |
2.4226 |
2.8703 |
1.9727 |
|
|
Panicum brevifolium (Link) Kunth. |
2.8084 |
2.7598 |
2.7609 |
|
|
Panicum maximum (Jacq.) |
3.4592 |
2.1021 |
2.0606 |
|
|
Panisetum polystachyon |
1.7423 |
3.6045 |
1.7136 |
|
|
Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. |
2.0918 |
2.8448 |
3.1174 |
|
|
Polypodiaceae |
Davalia denticulata |
2.3663 |
1.5183 |
2.4705 |
|
Goniophiebium persicifolium |
2.6852 |
2.7627 |
1.7136 |
|
|
Phymatodes sp. |
2.2700 |
2.5018 |
3.6183 |
|
|
Phymatopteris triloba (Houtt.) Pic.Serm. |
1.5313 |
2.7287 |
2.4076 |
|
|
Rubiaceae |
Borreria latifolia (Aubl.) K.Schum. |
1.9780 |
1.4928 |
1.8847 |
|
Solanaceae |
Solanum torvum Sw. |
3.2410 |
2.4933 |
2.3794 |
|
Verbenaceae |
Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl. |
2.3275 |
1.5183 |
1.7513 |
|
Leguminaceae |
Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. |
1.9464 |
3.3266 |
2.3794 |
|
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. |
2.1528 |
2.1644 |
2.3574 |
|
|
Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. |
2.5398 |
2.8986 |
2.3888 |
Source: Data Analysis Results, 2024.
Table 2: Summed Dominance Ratio of Tanggetada District.
|
Family |
Species |
SDR (%) Pundaipa |
SD (%) Tinggo |
SDR (%) Oneeha |
|
Acanthaceae |
Asystasia coromandeliana Ness. |
2.3648 |
2.2919 |
3.5335 |
|
Mikania micrantha Kunt. |
2.0991 |
2.2153 |
2.0198 |
|
|
Adiantaceae |
Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw. |
2.7466 |
1.5913 |
2.7892 |
|
Aspleniaceae |
Asplenium macrophyllum Sw. |
2.9326 |
3.1690 |
3.5492 |
|
Asplenium nidus L. |
2.1607 |
2.1785 |
4.0030 |
|
|
Asplenium platyneuron (L.) |
2.3285 |
2.3402 |
2.0292 |
|
|
Asteraceae |
Ageratum conyzoides L. |
2.1944 |
1.9117 |
1.7985 |
|
Chromolaena odorata (L.) King |
1.5884 |
3.9861 |
1.9852 |
|
|
Cyperaceae |
Cyperus distans L.f. |
2.6804 |
2.5503 |
2.4705 |
|
Cyperus rotundus L. |
2.4536 |
3.1490 |
2.4642 |
|
|
Cyperus kylingia |
2.3720 |
1.7846 |
1.8062 |
|
|
Scleria sumatrensis Retz. |
2.5897 |
3.4641 |
1.6634 |
|
|
Dennsteadtiaceae |
Nephrolepis bisserrata |
3.6072 |
2.7121 |
2.3260 |
|
Euphorbia hirta L. |
2.1218 |
2.4085 |
2.6918 |
|
|
Euphorbiaceae |
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn |
2.0174 |
3.1207 |
2.2317 |
|
Gleicheniaceae |
Gleichenia liniaris |
3.0350 |
2.4652 |
1.7136 |
|
Lycopodiaceae |
Licopodium cernuum |
2.1380 |
2.3066 |
3.5303 |
|
Malvaceae |
Urena lobata L. |
2.2061 |
2.4001 |
2.7201 |
|
Melastomataceae |
Clidemia hirta (L.) D.Don |
2.7874 |
3.2824 |
2.3354 |
|
Mimosaceae |
Mimosa pudica L. |
3.5846 |
2.8738 |
2.6950 |
|
Poaceae |
Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv. |
2.0447 |
3.4725 |
2.0575 |
|
Brachiaria miliformis |
2.6396 |
2.4568 |
2.0355 |
|
|
Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf |
2.4147 |
1.8298 |
2.7232 |
|
|
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. |
2.1944 |
2.0566 |
1.8376 |
|
|
Cyrtococcum accrencens |
2.7602 |
1.6029 |
2.8112 |
|
|
Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. |
2.5126 |
1.8182 |
2.4485 |
|
|
Digitaria cilliaris |
2.2015 |
2.2636 |
2.0575 |
|
|
Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. |
2.2650 |
1.8749 |
2.3857 |
|
|
Ischaemum timorense Kunth. |
2.0537 |
2.1417 |
1.9727 |
|
|
Panicum brevifolium (Link) Kunth. |
1.8742 |
2.1417 |
2.7609 |
|
|
Panicum maximum (Jacq.) |
2.6215 |
2.7572 |
2.0606 |
|
|
Panisetum polystachyon |
2.9053 |
2.9474 |
1.7136 |
|
|
Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. |
1.4932 |
2.4821 |
3.1174 |
|
|
Polypodiaceae |
Davalia denticulata |
2.1490 |
2.6354 |
2.4705 |
|
Goniophiebium persicifolium |
2.3149 |
2.1900 |
1.7136 |
|
|
Phymatodes sp. |
1.8924 |
3.3927 |
3.6183 |
|
|
Phymatopteris triloba (Houtt.) Pic.Serm. |
1.9585 |
1.9547 |
2.4076 |
|
|
Rubiaceae |
Borreria latifolia (Aubl.) K.Schum. |
2.8464 |
1.4411 |
1.8847 |
|
Solanaceae |
Solanum torvum Sw. |
3.4666 |
1.5630 |
2.3794 |
|
Verbenaceae |
Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl. |
1.9948 |
1.7983 |
1.7513 |
|
Leguminaceae |
Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. |
2.6668 |
1.5430 |
2.3794 |
|
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. |
1.8269 |
2.1249 |
2.3574 |
|
|
Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. |
2.2469 |
1.9716 |
2.3888 |
Source: Data Analysis Results, 2024.
lowest was Borreria latifolia (Aubl.) K.Schum. with a value of 1.4411%. Kardianto et al. (2018) PT. Buana Tunas Sejahtera West Kalimantan Scleria sumatrensis has the highest SDR value 40.44% and Cyperus iria 15.08%. Lubis et al. (2018) In PT. Socfindo Kebun Bangun Bandar, located in Dolok Masihul District, Serdang Bedagai Regency, the plant species with the highest SDR values are Nephrolepis biserrata (31.90%), Derris elliptica (23.65%), Stenochlaena palustris (22.24%), and Asystasia gangetica (13.48%).
Suyani et al. (2019) The immature oil palm plantation area in Tanjung Rejo Village, Margo Tabir District, Merangin Regency, exhibits varying SDR values, with Paspalum conjugatum at 14.94%, Imperata cylindrica at 11.68%, and Eragrostis tenella at 9.04%. This differs from the research conducted in Oneeha Village, where the highest SDR values were recorded for Asystasia coromandeliana Ness. (3.5335%), Asplenium macrophyllum Sw. (3.5492%), Asplenium nidus L. (4.0030%), Lycopodium cernuum (3.5303%), Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (3.1174%), and Phymatodes sp. (3.6183%). (Dahlianah, 2019) plant species in the oil palm plantation area that has immature have the highest SDR values of Borreria latifolia 23.20%, Eleusina indica 23.43%, and the lowest are Chromolaena odorata 9.29%, and Althernanthera philoxewides 8.30%.
Diversity of Types, Dominance, and Evenness of Plant Species
The species diversity index is an indicator that shows the community structure and ecosystem stability. The better the species diversity index of an ecosystem, the better the stability of the ecosystem, while the dominance index is a parameter that states the level of concentration of species dominance in a community and the evenness index functions to determine the evenness of each type in each community (Morris et al., 2014; Thukral et al., 2019; Qureshi et al., 2020). Study on diversity index, dominance index, and evenness index of plant species in oil palm plantation areas that have not yet been produced based on observation plots totalling 50 plots measuring 10×30m2 in Polenga Village, Kastura Village, and Kukutio Village, which are included in the administrative area of Watubangga District.
The research results in the oil palm plantation area have not yet produced Polenga Village (Table 3), which has an average value of 1<H’<3 or is included in the moderate category. This is caused by the intensity of land clearing, sunlight, and livestock footholds that consume green fodder in the oil palm plantation area, as well as herbicide spraying activities by plantation workers. The plant species found in each observation plot in the oil palm plantation area have differences, such as those found in Polenga Village. Nasution et al. (2017) that the dominance index value is 0.92, which means that there are species that dominate the growth media or 0.5<C<1. However, all plant species do not grow evenly because they have a value of <0.3 or are in the low category.
The diversity index of species, dominance index, and evenness index of plant species in plants have not yet produced Kastura Village (Table 3). The diversity index of plant species in Kastura Village shows a figure of 1<H’<3 or falls into moderate diversity. The species’ dominance index is relatively high but not evenly distributed in each observation plot. This is influenced by the activities of oil palm plantation workers in cleaning the plantation area so that the primary plants are not disturbed by the activities of weeds or other plants. Pranjaya et al. (2017) The composition of plant species in peatlands of oil palm plantations is 0.05. This shows that the species composition in oil palm plantations is not uniform or even.
Pertiwi et al. (2018) reported plant species on peatlands of oil palm plantations in Tebing Tinggi Okura Village, Rumbai Pesisir District, showed the level of species diversity of each research station included in the moderate category because the value obtained was >1H’<3 as well as the value of the weed dominance index at Station I to Station III was 0.25-0.38. The evenness index of each Station was 0.14, 0.15, and 5.6. The level of dominance was influenced by the intensity of light that inhibited plant development, or in other words, the number of species of a plant community was negatively correlated with shade because the shade would affect the entry of light into the soil to help plant species in carrying out the process of photosynthesis. Plant diversity includes all forms of life, including genes, plant species, ecosystems, and ecological processes and plant diversity also plays a role in maintaining various nutrients in the soil so that it can affect the biogeochemical cycle and significantly affect the stability and sustainability of nature (Patel et al., 2011).
The species diversity index, dominance index, and plant evenness index have immature Kukutio Village
Table 3: Diversity of Types, Dominance, and Evenness of Plant Species in Immature Oil Palm Plantation Areas in Watubangga District.
|
P |
Polenga Village |
Kastura Village |
Kukutio Village |
|||||||||
|
N |
H' |
E |
C |
N |
H' |
E |
C |
N |
H' |
E |
C |
|
|
P1 |
117 |
2.8452 |
0.8539 |
0.0335 |
433 |
3.1764 |
0.9532 |
0.0326 |
380 |
3.1608 |
0.9486 |
0.0298 |
|
P2 |
110 |
2.6803 |
0.7368 |
0.0331 |
447 |
2.5515 |
0.7014 |
0.0317 |
392 |
2.7110 |
0.7453 |
0.0301 |
|
P3 |
89 |
2.7581 |
0.7427 |
0.0379 |
265 |
3.2249 |
0.8684 |
0.0336 |
344 |
3.0264 |
0.8150 |
0.0273 |
|
P4 |
99 |
2.6510 |
0.7236 |
0.0316 |
326 |
2.9746 |
0.8120 |
0.0273 |
307 |
2.6159 |
0.7140 |
0.0299 |
|
P5 |
107 |
2.8700 |
0.7780 |
0.0307 |
292 |
2.3638 |
0.6408 |
0.0275 |
326 |
2.6519 |
0.7189 |
0.0279 |
|
P6 |
111 |
1.7782 |
0.5281 |
0.0285 |
260 |
1.8087 |
0.5371 |
0.0343 |
385 |
1.8264 |
0.5424 |
0.0309 |
|
P7 |
114 |
1.6992 |
0.5497 |
0.0314 |
267 |
1.9113 |
0.6183 |
0.0330 |
363 |
1.7200 |
0.5565 |
0.0304 |
|
P8 |
107 |
2.0415 |
0.6194 |
0.0331 |
228 |
1.9569 |
0.5937 |
0.0368 |
351 |
2.0815 |
0.6315 |
0.0314 |
|
P9 |
114 |
2.0447 |
0.6276 |
0.0295 |
272 |
1.8953 |
0.5817 |
0.0350 |
341 |
2.1931 |
0.6731 |
0.0317 |
|
P10 |
134 |
1.8265 |
0.5674 |
0.0305 |
312 |
1.9130 |
0.5943 |
0.0293 |
356 |
2.0033 |
0.6224 |
0.0286 |
|
P11 |
106 |
2.0719 |
0.6218 |
0.0349 |
314 |
1.8550 |
0.5567 |
0.0285 |
379 |
1.8930 |
0.5681 |
0.0294 |
|
P12 |
110 |
1.2985 |
0.4265 |
0.0355 |
347 |
1.2115 |
0.3979 |
0.0287 |
348 |
1.3219 |
0.4342 |
0.0311 |
|
P13 |
98 |
1.5267 |
0.4804 |
0.0354 |
245 |
1.5462 |
0.4865 |
0.0339 |
335 |
1.7257 |
0.5430 |
0.0324 |
|
P14 |
105 |
2.0373 |
0.6050 |
0.0347 |
309 |
2.1744 |
0.6458 |
0.0302 |
386 |
2.2646 |
0.6725 |
0.0304 |
|
P15 |
119 |
1.5742 |
0.5171 |
0.0323 |
300 |
1.5004 |
0.4928 |
0.0316 |
337 |
1.6071 |
0.5279 |
0.0335 |
|
P16 |
109 |
1.7230 |
0.5353 |
0.0319 |
273 |
1.6496 |
0.5125 |
0.0332 |
257 |
1.7984 |
0.5587 |
0.0363 |
|
P17 |
102 |
1.7608 |
0.5697 |
0.0336 |
333 |
1.7713 |
0.5730 |
0.0294 |
384 |
1.8860 |
0.6102 |
0.0297 |
|
P18 |
112 |
2.3256 |
0.6906 |
0.0335 |
281 |
2.0032 |
0.5949 |
0.0325 |
255 |
2.1766 |
0.6464 |
0.0370 |
|
P19 |
101 |
1.8626 |
0.5940 |
0.0348 |
255 |
1.7682 |
0.5639 |
0.0332 |
265 |
1.7979 |
0.5734 |
0.0375 |
|
P20 |
111 |
1.5679 |
3.1355 |
0.0007 |
274 |
1.4819 |
3.1355 |
0.0001 |
334 |
1.8925 |
3.1355 |
0.0001 |
|
P21 |
292 |
2.2374 |
0.6578 |
0.0313 |
263 |
2.1324 |
0.6270 |
0.0358 |
306 |
2.3517 |
0.6914 |
0.0301 |
|
P22 |
304 |
2.4261 |
0.7205 |
0.0315 |
269 |
2.2583 |
0.6707 |
0.0342 |
307 |
2.2264 |
0.6612 |
0.0315 |
|
P23 |
283 |
2.7443 |
0.8878 |
0.0311 |
273 |
2.7306 |
0.8834 |
0.0321 |
328 |
2.5525 |
0.8258 |
0.0281 |
|
P24 |
263 |
2.2681 |
0.7847 |
0.0321 |
286 |
2.2846 |
0.7904 |
0.0326 |
284 |
2.4302 |
0.8408 |
0.0335 |
|
P25 |
254 |
2.1335 |
0.6804 |
0.0309 |
325 |
2.4368 |
0.7772 |
0.0299 |
299 |
2.3064 |
0.7356 |
0.0312 |
|
P26 |
262 |
2.6840 |
0.8816 |
0.0320 |
255 |
2.6531 |
0.8714 |
0.0324 |
314 |
2.5077 |
0.8237 |
0.0324 |
|
P27 |
254 |
2.4034 |
0.7213 |
0.0334 |
330 |
2.5694 |
0.7711 |
0.0295 |
304 |
2.2736 |
0.6823 |
0.0329 |
|
P28 |
310 |
2.5139 |
0.8257 |
0.0302 |
273 |
2.3016 |
0.7560 |
0.0322 |
336 |
2.5311 |
0.8314 |
0.0310 |
|
P29 |
262 |
2.3879 |
0.7843 |
0.0336 |
276 |
2.3948 |
0.7866 |
0.0304 |
325 |
2.3793 |
0.7815 |
0.0309 |
|
P30 |
282 |
2.3867 |
0.7510 |
0.0309 |
311 |
2.5308 |
0.7963 |
0.0312 |
320 |
2.4108 |
0.7586 |
0.0301 |
|
P31 |
280 |
2.4625 |
0.7313 |
0.0320 |
388 |
2.1521 |
0.6391 |
0.0361 |
273 |
2.6805 |
0.7960 |
0.0350 |
|
P32 |
275 |
2.4481 |
0.8041 |
0.0330 |
446 |
2.4350 |
0.7998 |
0.0328 |
265 |
2.3239 |
0.7633 |
0.0358 |
|
P33 |
305 |
2.4660 |
0.8232 |
0.0293 |
404 |
2.3401 |
0.7811 |
0.0312 |
308 |
2.4328 |
0.8121 |
0.0313 |
|
P34 |
258 |
2.1997 |
0.7934 |
0.0362 |
392 |
2.4896 |
0.8979 |
0.0367 |
287 |
2.5946 |
0.9358 |
0.0330 |
|
P35 |
310 |
2.5046 |
0.9033 |
0.0310 |
340 |
2.3335 |
0.8416 |
0.0376 |
308 |
2.1148 |
0.7628 |
0.0337 |
|
P36 |
252 |
2.2989 |
0.7437 |
0.0309 |
490 |
2.4286 |
0.7857 |
0.0306 |
305 |
2.3288 |
0.7534 |
0.0335 |
|
P37 |
274 |
1.9168 |
0.6510 |
0.0315 |
433 |
2.0250 |
0.6877 |
0.0322 |
391 |
2.0496 |
0.6961 |
0.0268 |
|
P38 |
310 |
2.1167 |
0.5663 |
0.0302 |
480 |
2.4206 |
0.6476 |
0.0316 |
254 |
2.0315 |
0.5435 |
0.0367 |
|
P39 |
243 |
2.1285 |
0.5695 |
0.0336 |
439 |
2.1584 |
0.5775 |
0.0314 |
285 |
2.0996 |
0.5617 |
0.0330 |
|
P40 |
331 |
2.4364 |
0.7312 |
0.0297 |
481 |
2.2568 |
0.6773 |
0.0305 |
334 |
2.4786 |
0.7438 |
0.0297 |
|
P41 |
276 |
2.2712 |
0.7858 |
0.0339 |
495 |
2.1415 |
0.7409 |
0.0312 |
269 |
2.0206 |
0.6991 |
0.0336 |
|
P42 |
303 |
2.4410 |
0.8804 |
0.0288 |
438 |
2.1685 |
0.7821 |
0.0351 |
292 |
2.5048 |
0.9034 |
0.0322 |
|
P43 |
281 |
1.7658 |
0.5997 |
0.0323 |
441 |
1.8346 |
0.6231 |
0.0302 |
279 |
1.8932 |
0.6430 |
0.0338 |
|
P44 |
302 |
2.3523 |
0.7989 |
0.0309 |
438 |
2.5162 |
0.8546 |
0.0337 |
332 |
2.6743 |
0.9083 |
0.0310 |
|
P45 |
238 |
2.7507 |
0.9709 |
0.0354 |
466 |
2.9405 |
1.0379 |
0.0309 |
274 |
2.7462 |
0.9693 |
0.0343 |
|
P46 |
320 |
2.3803 |
0.7490 |
0.0295 |
326 |
2.4592 |
0.7738 |
0.0376 |
259 |
2.0808 |
0.6547 |
0.0359 |
|
P47 |
279 |
2.4489 |
0.7608 |
0.0310 |
448 |
2.4932 |
0.7746 |
0.0312 |
306 |
2.8243 |
0.8774 |
0.0298 |
|
P48 |
315 |
2.3800 |
0.7591 |
0.0017 |
483 |
2.3723 |
0.7566 |
0.0006 |
316 |
2.5693 |
0.8194 |
0.0000 |
|
P49 |
306 |
2.5923 |
0.8268 |
0.0301 |
481 |
2.6361 |
0.8407 |
0.0292 |
318 |
2.4988 |
0.7969 |
0.0323 |
|
P50 |
263 |
2.6292 |
0.7730 |
0.0333 |
452 |
2.6382 |
0.7757 |
0.0316 |
312 |
2.4061 |
0.7074 |
0.0323 |
Information: P (Plot), P1,2,3,4,…... (Plot Point), N (Number of Species), H’ (Species Diversity Index), E (Dominance Index), C (Evenness Index), Source: Data Analysis Results, 2024.
(Table 3), showing that the species diversity index of plants in the oil palm plantations of Kukutio Village was not much different from the species diversity index in Polenga Village and Kastura Village. The research results in Kukutio Village can prove that the plant diversity index of various species is at 1<H’<3 or is included in the moderate category. Meanwhile, these plant species turn out to be able to dominate the growing media, but there are no species that grow evenly in each research plot. This is to the research results carried out by Dahlianah (2019) the level of species diversity depends on the distance between oil palm plants because if the distance between plants is narrow, it is difficult for plant species to grow, and vice versa, the wider the distance between plants, the easier it is for these plant species to grow.
The results of the study are in Table 4. The diversity index of plant species is in the moderate category or has a value of 1<H’<3 and an even dominance index, as evidenced by the value >0.6 in almost all observation plots. However, no species grow evenly in each research plot. This is due to the intensity of cleaning plant species in oil palm plantation areas because they are considered weeds that interfere with oil palm plants.
Each place has different plant species, agricultural land, forest areas or settlements. This is in line with the research of Mardiyanti et al. (2013), which states that plant diversity is the diversity that occupies an ecosystem. All types of species can grow well if they are not disturbed by human activities and environmental conditions. According to the research of Hikmat and Setyawati (2017), habitat disturbance can result in changes in the composition and structure of stands and vegetation types, decreasing plant species diversity.
The results of the study on the species diversity index in Tinggo Village (Table 4) are not much different from the results of the survey conducted in Pundaipa Village (Table 4), which has a species diversity index value of 1<H’<3 and dominates the growing media but does not grow evenly in each research plot. Each plant species illustrates that a community can grow well if enough nutrients and light are needed. These plant species can be found in tropical rainforests, humid grasslands, roadsides, and rivers.
Yang et al. (2018) state that light intensity directly affects the photosynthesis of a plant species. This shows that the diversity index of plant species in the immature oil palm plantation area in Oneeha Village is not much different from the results of research conducted in the immature oil palm plantation area in Tinggo Village and Pundaipa Village. This illustrates that there are still species that dominate even though the evenness index of these plant species is not even. The level of diversity of understory plant species (H’) is classified as low, with a value of 0.637 for productive plants and 1.94 for non-productive plants (Vasilevich, 2009). The concept of species diversity includes the components of species richness and evenness. Species richness is the number of species per unit area, and evenness is the distribution of species abundance in a community.
Corlett (2016) states that plant species continue to decline due to human activities in opening up areas, and most plant species are lost, especially in tropical regions. Wan et al. (2020) reported that 2.914 plant species showed no increase in species richness and an explicit decrease in plant species performance. Ensslin et al. (2015) reported that changes in nature and loss of native habitat cause a decline in plant species in area even though there are species that can survive and can invade other species such as Chromolaena odorata, which is a species of perennial shrub that grows abundantly in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (Olawale et al., 2022). The level of evenness of a plant species generally depends on rainfall, variety, soil conditions and density of a plant species.
Table 4: Diversity of Types, Dominance, and Evenness of Plant Species in Immature Oil Palm Plantation Areas in Tanggetada District.
|
P |
Pundaipa Village |
Tinggo Village |
Oneeha Village |
|||||||||
|
N |
H' |
E |
C |
N |
H' |
E |
C |
N |
H' |
E |
C |
|
|
P1 |
151 |
3.1226 |
0.9371 |
0.0342 |
405 |
3.1217 |
0.9368 |
0.0312 |
168 |
3.0612 |
0.9187 |
0.0333 |
|
P2 |
149 |
2.5503 |
0.7011 |
0.0318 |
363 |
2.6204 |
0.7204 |
0.0324 |
162 |
2.5836 |
0.7103 |
0.0335 |
|
P3 |
172 |
2.9188 |
0.7860 |
0.0312 |
348 |
2.7551 |
0.7419 |
0.0299 |
185 |
2.8508 |
0.7677 |
0.0283 |
|
P4 |
167 |
2.3724 |
0.6476 |
0.0288 |
361 |
2.5886 |
0.7066 |
0.0279 |
146 |
2.2975 |
0.6271 |
0.0285 |
|
P5 |
164 |
2.5587 |
0.6936 |
0.0273 |
286 |
2.4443 |
0.6626 |
0.0349 |
185 |
2.6072 |
0.7068 |
0.0284 |
|
P6 |
116 |
1.6244 |
0.4824 |
0.0357 |
310 |
1.6798 |
0.4989 |
0.0342 |
180 |
1.4922 |
0.4432 |
0.0293 |
|
P7 |
149 |
1.7720 |
0.5733 |
0.0313 |
235 |
1.5161 |
0.4905 |
0.0463 |
155 |
1.3530 |
0.4377 |
0.0363 |
|
P8 |
130 |
2.0108 |
0.6101 |
0.0361 |
257 |
1.7732 |
0.5380 |
0.0436 |
469 |
1.7839 |
0.5413 |
0.0397 |
|
P9 |
122 |
2.0134 |
0.6180 |
0.0376 |
267 |
2.3404 |
0.7183 |
0.0398 |
379 |
1.9603 |
0.6017 |
0.0518 |
|
P10 |
156 |
2.0844 |
0.6475 |
0.0343 |
214 |
1.8366 |
0.5706 |
0.0506 |
342 |
1.7351 |
0.5390 |
0.0533 |
|
P11 |
146 |
1.7752 |
0.5327 |
0.0332 |
281 |
2.3429 |
0.7031 |
0.0426 |
297 |
1.4217 |
0.4267 |
0.0622 |
|
P12 |
162 |
1.2491 |
0.4103 |
0.0320 |
277 |
1.5339 |
0.5038 |
0.0374 |
334 |
1.1410 |
0.3748 |
0.0544 |
|
P13 |
156 |
1.5625 |
0.4917 |
0.0304 |
241 |
1.6941 |
0.5331 |
0.0443 |
319 |
1.0561 |
0.3323 |
0.0548 |
|
P14 |
118 |
1.9962 |
0.5928 |
0.0346 |
217 |
2.0505 |
0.6089 |
0.0481 |
337 |
2.0697 |
0.6147 |
0.0581 |
|
P15 |
167 |
1.3587 |
0.4463 |
0.0308 |
221 |
1.6828 |
0.5527 |
0.0497 |
328 |
1.4833 |
0.4872 |
0.0522 |
|
P16 |
164 |
1.6817 |
0.5224 |
0.0319 |
348 |
1.6413 |
0.5099 |
0.0327 |
285 |
0.9132 |
0.2837 |
0.0613 |
|
P17 |
164 |
1.7991 |
0.5820 |
0.0309 |
452 |
1.6698 |
0.5402 |
0.0274 |
419 |
1.5715 |
0.5084 |
0.0461 |
|
P18 |
131 |
2.0765 |
0.6167 |
0.0336 |
321 |
1.7525 |
0.5204 |
0.0299 |
447 |
1.7458 |
0.5185 |
0.0419 |
|
P19 |
159 |
1.6193 |
0.5164 |
0.0303 |
392 |
1.6563 |
0.5282 |
0.0301 |
572 |
1.8128 |
0.5781 |
0.0317 |
|
P20 |
174 |
1.4996 |
3.1355 |
0.0016 |
364 |
1.3066 |
3.1355 |
0.0701 |
355 |
1.2471 |
3.1355 |
0.0286 |
|
P21 |
244 |
2.5593 |
0.7525 |
0.0325 |
173 |
2.4936 |
0.7331 |
0.0359 |
438 |
2.2746 |
0.6688 |
0.0455 |
|
P22 |
258 |
2.0178 |
0.5992 |
0.0299 |
171 |
2.0622 |
0.6124 |
0.0327 |
402 |
2.0150 |
0.5984 |
0.0509 |
|
P23 |
205 |
2.5990 |
0.8408 |
0.0333 |
167 |
2.5054 |
0.8105 |
0.0319 |
363 |
2.2345 |
0.7229 |
0.0501 |
|
P24 |
243 |
2.2826 |
0.7897 |
0.0301 |
156 |
2.2466 |
0.7773 |
0.0348 |
373 |
1.9050 |
0.6591 |
0.0478 |
|
P25 |
227 |
2.3061 |
0.7355 |
0.0355 |
166 |
2.4907 |
0.7944 |
0.0335 |
352 |
2.0822 |
0.6641 |
0.0504 |
|
P26 |
228 |
2.3839 |
0.7830 |
0.0332 |
182 |
2.5383 |
0.8337 |
0.0320 |
374 |
2.4117 |
0.7921 |
0.0488 |
|
P27 |
226 |
2.0930 |
0.6281 |
0.0334 |
163 |
2.5085 |
0.7528 |
0.0356 |
361 |
1.8161 |
0.5450 |
0.0497 |
|
P28 |
227 |
2.5729 |
0.8451 |
0.0312 |
163 |
2.7279 |
0.8960 |
0.0340 |
445 |
2.1959 |
0.7213 |
0.0454 |
|
P29 |
267 |
2.3927 |
0.7859 |
0.0301 |
152 |
2.2489 |
0.7387 |
0.0339 |
420 |
2.4565 |
0.8068 |
0.0468 |
|
P30 |
176 |
2.2344 |
0.7031 |
0.0438 |
202 |
2.5259 |
0.7948 |
0.0294 |
409 |
2.4225 |
0.7623 |
0.0436 |
|
P31 |
244 |
2.2529 |
0.6690 |
0.0330 |
143 |
2.2522 |
0.6689 |
0.0376 |
322 |
2.3043 |
0.6843 |
0.0531 |
|
P32 |
248 |
2.1002 |
0.6898 |
0.0322 |
146 |
2.2041 |
0.7239 |
0.0377 |
330 |
2.2184 |
0.7287 |
0.0357 |
|
P33 |
271 |
2.4578 |
0.8204 |
0.0309 |
146 |
1.9078 |
0.6368 |
0.0376 |
380 |
2.1213 |
0.7081 |
0.0316 |
|
P34 |
239 |
2.4354 |
0.8784 |
0.0315 |
183 |
2.2887 |
0.8255 |
0.0310 |
401 |
2.3379 |
0.8432 |
0.0297 |
|
P35 |
279 |
2.2397 |
0.8078 |
0.0308 |
163 |
2.2082 |
0.7964 |
0.0349 |
403 |
2.1550 |
0.7772 |
0.0315 |
|
P36 |
251 |
2.2655 |
0.7329 |
0.0317 |
168 |
2.2851 |
0.7393 |
0.0362 |
365 |
2.0408 |
0.6602 |
0.0352 |
|
P37 |
258 |
2.2229 |
0.7549 |
0.0298 |
167 |
2.0206 |
0.6862 |
0.0313 |
396 |
1.9841 |
0.6738 |
0.0295 |
|
P38 |
230 |
1.9579 |
0.5238 |
0.0333 |
179 |
2.1772 |
0.5825 |
0.0329 |
319 |
1.7195 |
0.4600 |
0.0377 |
|
P39 |
241 |
2.0390 |
0.5455 |
0.0319 |
162 |
1.8268 |
0.4887 |
0.0321 |
385 |
1.8553 |
0.4964 |
0.0302 |
|
P40 |
236 |
2.4620 |
0.7388 |
0.0309 |
163 |
2.6075 |
0.7825 |
0.0352 |
355 |
2.4343 |
0.7305 |
0.0327 |
|
P41 |
296 |
2.0374 |
0.7049 |
0.0322 |
166 |
2.0163 |
0.6976 |
0.0303 |
396 |
2.2552 |
0.7802 |
0.0311 |
|
P42 |
340 |
2.4375 |
0.8791 |
0.0292 |
136 |
2.0887 |
0.7533 |
0.0359 |
395 |
2.4203 |
0.8729 |
0.0302 |
|
P43 |
293 |
1.8186 |
0.6176 |
0.0352 |
89 |
1.4641 |
0.4973 |
0.0441 |
365 |
1.6515 |
0.5609 |
0.0300 |
|
P44 |
294 |
2.3287 |
0.7909 |
0.0311 |
156 |
2.1585 |
0.7331 |
0.0307 |
411 |
2.3170 |
0.7869 |
0.0290 |
|
P45 |
349 |
2.5130 |
0.8870 |
0.0298 |
147 |
2.3968 |
0.8460 |
0.0345 |
373 |
2.3730 |
0.8376 |
0.0322 |
|
P46 |
317 |
2.1519 |
0.6771 |
0.0350 |
168 |
2.2092 |
0.6951 |
0.0315 |
389 |
2.4170 |
0.7605 |
0.0321 |
|
P47 |
368 |
2.6501 |
0.8233 |
0.0284 |
162 |
2.5543 |
0.7935 |
0.0330 |
446 |
2.6115 |
0.8113 |
0.0296 |
|
P48 |
363 |
2.1151 |
0.6746 |
0.0017 |
127 |
2.0738 |
0.6614 |
0.0620 |
390 |
2.3977 |
0.7647 |
0.0009 |
|
P49 |
271 |
2.2385 |
0.7139 |
0.0368 |
167 |
2.4407 |
0.7784 |
0.0295 |
313 |
2.1991 |
0.7013 |
0.0367 |
|
P50 |
316 |
2.1373 |
0.6284 |
0.0324 |
159 |
2.3711 |
0.6971 |
0.0300 |
424 |
2.1716 |
0.6385 |
0.0318 |
Information: P (Plot), P1,2,3,4,…... (Plot Point), N (Number of Species), H’ (Species Diversity Index), E (Dominance Index), C (Evenness Index), Source: Data Analysis Results, 2024.
Conclusions and Recommendataions
The study was conducted for eight months in six villages across Watubangga District (Kastura Village, Polenga Village, Kukutio Village) and Tanggetada District (Pundaipa Village, Oneeha Village, Tinggo Village). The study results showed that the dominant species varied in each village, including Panicum maximum (Jacq.) (Polenga Village, SDR: 3.4592%), Mikania micrantha Kunt. (Kastura Village, SDR: 3.6073%), Phymatodes sp. (Kukutio Village, SDR: 3.6183%), Nephrolepis bisserrata (Pundaipa Village, SDR: 3.6072%), Chromolaena odorata (L.) King (Tinggo Village, SDR: 3.9861%), and Asystasia coromandeliana Ness. (Oneeha Village, SDR: 3.5335%). The species diversity value (1<H’<3) at the six research locations is included in the moderate category, indicating a stable level of species diversity. Factors such as land clearing intensity, sunlight, and livestock footing activities that eat green fodder in the plantation area affect the vegetation composition in the research area.
Acknowledgements
With deep gratitude and appreciation, we thank the Rector of Halu Oleo University and the Head of the UHO Research and Community Service Institute (LPPM) for the moral support and facilities in carrying out this research. We also thank the Head of the Palm Oil Plantation Company, PT. Damai Jaya Lestari, thank you for the cooperation and access provided so that this research can run smoothly. We also appreciate the contribution of students who have helped in data collection and analysis and all the people who sincerely gave their time, information, and support during the research process. Hopefully, this collaboration will be the first step to contribute to the development of science and community welfare.
Novelty Statement
The novelty of this research lies in the specific analysis of immature oil palm plants in the research area. The focus on the diversity of local plant species growing around immature plants aims to provide a new perspective on the ecological and economic potential that has received little attention.
Author’s Contribution
Damhuri Damhuri: Acting as the principal researcher responsible for designing research, determining objectives and methodology, leading the implementation of field surveys, data analysis, and compiling the final research report.
La Ode Muh. Munadi: Plant species identification, biodiversity analysis, and field data collection.
Lili Darlian: Processing and statistical analysis of research data and interpretation of analysis results;
Sitti Wirdhana Ahmad: Aspects of documentation and scientific literature by conducting literature reviews, verifying plant-related data, and ensuring the quality and completeness of references in compiling research manuscripts.
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest in this article’s research, writing or publication.
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