Seyed Mohsen Mirbod
...ance as that of the knee cage, and additionally is more cosmesis, ease in use and is economical....
Metin Duru1*, Asuman Arslan Duru1, Köksal Karadaş2, Ecevit Eyduran3, Harun Cinli4 and Mohammad Masood Tariq5
...intained individually in cages of 35 x 40 x 45 cm. The strongest correlations were found for egg weight-egg width (r=0.910, P<0.01), haugh unit-albumen index (r=0.876, P<0.01), egg weight-egg height (r=0.799, P<0.01), and egg shape index-egg height (r=0.693, P<0.01). ANOVA results revealed that treatment factor influenced only egg height among all the egg characteristics (P<0.05). The effect of treatment by week interaction on all the characteri...
Fermín Lopez-Uriostegui1, Jesús T. Ponce-Palafox2,*, Fabiola Lango-Reynoso1, María del Refugio Castañeda-Chavez1, Virgilio Eugenio Arenas-Fuentes3 and Fernando Vega-Villasante4
...nd M. tenellum in caged-pond system were studied. A total of 120 caridean shrimp (60 M. americanum and 60 M. tenellum) had their stomach repletion analysis. Samples were taken four-hly over a 24 h cycle. In general it was found that stomach repletion index showed both species feed 24 h, but forage activity differs in intensity in the two species. In M. tenellum repletion index was greatest during the day and M. americanum in ...
Netti Aryani1, Azrita2, Ainul Mardiah3 and Hafrijal Syandri2*
...each of the floating net cages to be measured and weighed. The biomass of fish was calculated, and the amount of feed was adjusted. The feeding rate significantly (p< 0.05) influenced the final fish weight, net weight gain (NWG), average daily growth (ADG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The maximum growth of giant gourami was found at 6% feeding rate. However, the best feed conversion ratio (1.34±0.18) was obtained at t...
Yakut Gevrekçi* and Çiğdem Takma
...ormed with cathegorical (cage and line) and continuous (hatch, age at sexual maturity and body weight of sexual maturity) predictors and a continuous response variable (EP). The Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients among all predictor variables were significantly changed from 0.88 to -0.65. Age of sexual maturity was found the most predictor variable that affecting EP and it was followed by hatching period. Lower values for goodness of fit criteria we...
Saara Ahmad1,*, Iftikhar Ahmed2, Saida Haider3, Zehra Batool3, Fatima Ahmed4, Saiqa Tabassum3,6, Syeda Madiha3, Tahira Perveen3 and Saad Bilal Ahmed5
...>
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Yan Li1, Kai Zhan1,*, Junying Li1, Wei Liu1, Ruiyu Ma1, Shengnan Liu1, Tao Han2, Shaoquan Li2, Shaolin Wang2 and Yang Hu2
...groups. For NM, 4 mating cages were maintained each with 5 roosters and 45 laying hens. The other birds were reared in 3-layer complete ladder cages for AI, for which 180 hens were maintained in 60 cages with 3 hens/cage and 20 roosters in 20 cages. Laying performances, mortality, egg quality characteristics and welfar...
Yan Li1, Kai Zhan1,*, Junying Li1, Wei Liu1, Ruiyu Ma1, Shengnan Liu1, Haijun Cui1 and Xin Zhang2
...r breeders in the mating cage. Ninety-six 230-day-old Hy-line Brown roosters were randomly split into four groups. Group 1 chicks served as intact control. Trimming of claw of group 2 chicks was performed by the method of partial amputation of the third toe (along the distal phalanx) at day of hatch; the first and third toes were declawed in the group 3, while the second and fourth ones were trimming in group 4. They were cage
Wen Chao Liu1,2, Kwan Sik Yun3 and In Ho Kim2,*
...consisted of 8 replicate cages, with 16 birds per replicate. The 4 dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets and supplemented with 0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% 1,3-DAG, respectively. During d 1-14, with increasing the dietary 1,3-DAG levels from 0 to 0.15%, the body weight gain (BWG) was improved (linear, P<0.01), whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was decreased (linear, P<0.01). During d 14-28, dietary supplementation of graded level of 1,3-...
Naveed Ahmad1,*, P.J.A. Siddiqui1, Amjad Ali1, Khan Mir Khan2, Rafaqat Masroor3, Noor ul Akbar4, Muhammad Amin5 and Mohammad Attaullah6
...ked in each floating net cage (1.5m x 1.5m x 1.5m), with three replicates of each treatment. The diets were fed to visual apparent satiation two times a day for a period of eight weeks. At the end of the trial, P40 appeared to have significant (P<0.05) influence on the growth performance. The percent weight gain, average daily weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) increased significantly by increasing dietary protein level from P30 to P40...
Muhammad Sohail1*, Asad Sultan2, Said Sajjad Ali Shah3, Muhammad Sajid1 and Adnan Khan4
...ail birds were raised in cages having three main groups, one each for wheat (W), maize (M), sorghum (S) and six subgroups for the collection of fecal samples and further analyses. Nutrient profile, digestibility coefficients, and apparent metabolizable energy were investigated. Fat percentage and metabolizable energy was higher in maize (4.1% and 17.04 MJ/kg). The protein levels in wheat varieties were 12.15 and 11.89% which were more than that of both of corn...
Fazal Wahab1, Naila Chand1, Rifat Ullah Khan1, Nazir Ahmad1, Urooba Parvez2, Zia ur Rehman3 and Shabana Naz4,*
...irds. Birds were kept in cages for 28 days in open sided house. FS-0 was kept as control while treatments FS-0.5, FS-0.75 and FS-1 were provided with fenugreek seed powder in the ration at the rate of 0.5, 0.75 and 1%, respectively. Egg production and feed intake was recorded on daily basis. Egg weight, egg shell weight, egg shell thickness, Haugh unit, albumin height and yolk weight were determined on weekly basis. The results showed that FS supplementation s...
Chen-Yu Sun, Wen-Chao Liu*, Mei Xiao, Zhi-Hui Zhao and Li-Long An*
...consisted of 6 replicate cages, with 15 birds per replicate. The 4 dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets and supplemented with 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg betaine, respectively. During d 1-14, with increasing the dietary betaine levels from 0 to 2000 mg/kg, the BWG was improved (quadratic, P<0.05), whereas the FCR was decreased (linear, P<0.01). During d 14-28, dietary supplementation of graded level of betaine had no significant effects ...
Abdüssamet Aydın1 and Ş. Canan Bölükbaşı2*
... age, kept in individual cages were assigned randomly to five treatment groups, each group included 12 hens. The hens received one of five diets with 0, 32.5, 65 or 130 mg/kg pennyroyal extract and 50 mg/kg BHA, respectively. Experiment lasted for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, the supplementation of pennyroyal extract did not affect feed intake, rates of albumen, yolk and shell of egg, shell tickness, spesific gravity, Haugh unit and some serum parame...
Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel1, Muhammad Anjum Aqueel2, Ejaz Ashraf3*, Asad Ali4 and Arooba Rubab5
Effect of Insecticides on the Longevity of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
...rts. The honey bees were caged after pupal duration starts and marked with permanent marker for adult data recording. The data was recorded daily for 30 days. The effects of different chemical insecticides (nitenpyram @75ml/acre- new chemistry, cyhalothrin; nok-out @200ml/ acre, tycon; emamectin benzoate @ 200ml/acre) on egg presence, egg hatching, larval duration, pupal period and adult longevity were examined. Results revealed that the nitenpyram was found s...
Sinan Uzundumlu1, Yesim Buyukates1,*, Murat Yigit2, Musa Bulut2, Rıdvan Kaan Gurses1 and Barbaros Celikkol3
...ducted in a copper alloy cage fish farm to observe the environmental properties of the marine system. Water quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, chlorophyll-a and inorganic nutrients such as NO2+NO3, NH4, PO4 and SiO2 were observed between May 2014 and September 2014 in the study area. The observed results were compared with acceptable limits pronounced in...
Hari Prasad Sharma1*, Shova Adhikari1, Yogesh Rai1, Rajkumar Sijapati1, Sapana Chand1, Manisha Karki1, Rubina Thapa Magar1, Ashik Husain1, Khadka Bahadur Khatri1, Melina Karki1, Samiksha Badu1, Sushila Bajracharya1, Somika Pathak1, Rachana Shah2 and Chiranjibi Prasad Pokheral2
...structural design of the cage/enclosure than the male ostrich. Visitors influenced both male and female ostrich activities while moving. As the visitors’ presence affects the behavioral activities of ostrich, we recommend to extend the cage/enclosure to give space to the birds to avoid closer contact with the visitors OR raise a tinted glass partition between the Ostrich (both female and male) and the visitors through ...
Gautam Patra1*, Ana Sahara2, Sonjoy Kumar Borthakur1, Parthasarathi Behera3, Subhamoy Ghosh1, Apurba Debbarma4 and Seikh Sahanawaz Alam5
...s were released from the cages. Blood samples were examined after staining with Giemsa stain. The positive samples were used for amplification of cyt b gene of Plasmodium relictum. Cloning and sequencing of the amplified products of each samples was performed separately. Out of 120 birds examined, 25 were found positive for P. relictum based on morphology and subsequently confirmed by PCR which selectively amplified 712bp of P. relictum...
Ying Liu1, Shankun Liu1, Hui Wang2 and Weihua Su2,*
...otal 36 female rats were caged into the male rats for the pregnancy, and 33 female pregnant rats were collected and weight. The female rats were group into following groups and each group contains 6 rats. Once the pregnancy was verified, the streptozotocin (STZ) single intraperitoneal injection was used for the induction of diabetes. The rats were received the various dose of caffeic acid. After the pregnancy (19 day) the blood sample was collected via punctur...
Jing Yu1*, Jiangmei Mao1,2 and Dongliang Wang1,3
...d by Chl-a distribution, cage culture and petrochemical sewage (Liu, 2011).
... 
Muhammad Khalid Mukhtar*, Sania Waliat, Shafaat Yar Khan, Naila Amjad
...lies were reared in mesh-cages and maintained on an artificial diet in the lab. Lab strain flies were collected from area where minimum insecticides were used. Flies from the F1 generation were used in the bioassays. The results showed that LC50 for the lab strain against bifenthrin and dimethoate was 11.068 µg/ml and 8.879 µg/ml, respectively. LC50 for field strains, Bhalwal L1 and L2, against bifenthrin was 96.184 µg/ml and 130.903 µg...
Ghulam Murtaza1*, Muhammad Ramzan2, Assad Ullah3, Abid Ali5, Ayesha Zafar3, Rukhsar Beanish3, Ahmad Ali4, Ghulam Mustafa4 and Mudassar Aslam4
...egetables were placed in cages having sand in bottom for pupation. After the adult emergence fruit fly species were identified based on diagnostic morphological features and placed in separate cages. Different fruits such as guava, apple, fig, banana and citrus were exposed to Bactrocera zonata for oviposition. Fruits were placed in cage to assess the host preference for oviposition fruits...
Nehafta Bibi1,2, Faiq Jan3, Munawar Saleem Ahmad4 and Haitao Wang1,5,*
...eased in an experimental cage and allowed them to accommodate themselves in darkness for 10 min. In the second trial we turned on the dimmer to a given luminance for 2 min. We found that activity threshold for secondary cavity nesting passerines ranged from 0.05 to 0.2 cdm-2 and non-cavity nesting passerines from 22.00 to 16.00 cdm-2. Our results shed light on the question about potential effect of luminance on visual ...
Shuli Zhu, Yaqiu Liu, Weitao Chen, Xinhui Li and Yuefei Li*
...ets, castnets and shrimp cages in July and December 2018. The LWRs parameters a and b values for the four species varied 0.008861-0.02018 and 3.041-3.367. New maximum standard lengths for one species was presented in this paper. And the LWRs for two species: Bangana decora and Ptychidio longibarbus is reported for the first time. The result will be very helpful in fisheries management and species conservation.
...
Shabana Naz1*, Nishat Ali Khan1, Arnab Tanweer1, Shifa Moazzam1, Qudrat Ullah2, Farkhanda Asad1, Irfan Khattak3, Sajida Batool4 and Rifat Ullah Khan5
Ghulam Abbas, Sultan Mahmood*, Ahsan ul Haq and Haq Nawaz
...roduction performance of caged layers during summer was studied. One hundred sixty commercial layers (24 weeks old) were purchased from a poultry farm and were reared in a group for one week (adaptation period). At the start of 25th week of age, these layers were divided into 20 experimental units/replicates (8 layers/ replicate), which were further allotted to five treatment groups (4 replicate/ treatment). Five diets (A, B, C, D and E) were prepared with or ...
Tran Thi Bich Ngoc1,2, Ninh Thi Huyen1,2, Nguyen Cong Oanh2, Pham Kim Dang2*
...dividually in metabolism cages. The four experimental diets consisted of a basal diet (CONT), PROB diet (CONT + 0.2% PROB), ORAC diet (CONT + 0.2% ORAC), and PROR diet (CONT + 0.2% PROB + 0.2% ORAC) for 60 days including 2 periods (25-45 kg and 45-65 kg). In comparison to the CONT group, dietary supplementation of PROB or ORAC or PROR increased ADG and decreased FCR (P < 0.0001), with the higher ADG and lower FCR for PROR group during the entire experimenta...
Ho Le Quynh Chau, Than Thi Thanh Tra, Duong Thi Huong, Du Thanh Hang, Le Thi Thu Hang, Vo Thi Minh Tam, Dinh Van Dung*, Ho Trung Thong
...ents with four replicate cages of 20 chicks per treatment. Two factors include 2 chicken groups (Ri hybrid-slow-growing strain and Luong Phuong-fast-growing strain) and three dietary SID methionine concentration (low, adequate, high). The methionine levels were set up by the recommendation of Evonik (2010) for coloured chickens. At 12 weeks of age, 8 male and 8 female chicks per treatment were randomly chosen for the carcass yield, meat quality, and myoge...
Chukwudi Njoku1*, Inyang Etim-Inyang2, Prince-Charles Itu1 and Arinze Uzoezie1
...e development of Tilapia cage culture in Cross River State, Nigeria. A Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) technique was applied using secondary data and considering factors such as elevation, land-use, accessibility (roads), river width, population density, distance from anthropogenic activities and climatic variables (temperature and rainfall intensity). The criteria and threshold for siting Tilapia c...
Sana Khalid1,2*, Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman2,3, Usman Hameed2,4, Shabnum Shaheen1, Muhammad Naveed Shahid5, Khajista Jabeen1, Farah Khan1, Muhammad Saleem Haider1
...experiments using screen cages in an insectary for the period of one month. For this purpose non-viruliferous whiteflies (B cryptic species) were reared and used to acquire the viruses for 48-72 h from the agroinfiltered symptomatic tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana Domin.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants and these were liberated to healthy plants for transmission of viruses. It was evident from the results that the whiteflies were incapable to acquir...
Mudssar Ali1*, Muhammad Awais Ahmad1, Asif Sajjad2 and Shafqat Saeed1
...el weight (3 times) than caged (no insect visit) treatment. Conserving these native efficient pollinators by providing floral and nesting resources may enhance carrot seed production in Punjab, Pakistan....
Chinar Mustafa Mohammed1*, Thamer M. Bashir1, Omar A.M. Al-Habib2, Farhad Ramadhan1, Mohammed Bassam1
Dede Kardaya*, Dewi Wahyuni, Elis Dihansih
...s were reared in battery cages for five weeks. Measurements were taken on meat physical quality (pH, water binding capacity, cooking loss, tenderness) and chemical quality (moisture content, protein, fat, ash, and phosphorus) parameters. Data were subjected to an analysis of variance and a Duncan’s multiple range test. Results revealed that meat cooking loss and fat content were significantly lowered (P<0.05) in ducks treated with treatment rations. N...
Andi Tenri Bau Astuti Mahmud1, Lellah Rahim2, Muhammad Ihsan Andi Dagong2*, Sri Rachma Aprilita Bugiwati2, Wempie Pakiding2
...ntensively in individual cages. Chicks were reared from 24 to 70 days old. Data on feed consumption and body weight gain were collected every week. The residual feed intake value was calculated based on the average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and mid-body weight metabolism regression results. At the end of the study (on the 70th day), the chicken was then slaughtered to obtain meat samples that would then be analyzed for the carcass qual...
Edhy Sudjarwo, Muharlien Muharlien, Osfar Sjofjan, Danung Nur Adli, Dyah Lestari Yulianti*
... aims to evaluate effect cage location in closed house system on Hy-Line laying hens growth performance, microclimate, ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, and dust particle.. A total 5,051 heads laying hens used were Hy-line laying hens aged 28 weeks reared for 28 weeks on the experimental diet. A completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and twelve replications. The parameters observed was growth performance, microclimate, ...
Ulvi Fitri Handayani1, Wizna2, Irfan Suliansyah3, Yose Rizal2, Maria Endo Mahata2*
... were randomly housed in cages (one bird per cage, ten cages per replicate) and subjected to one of five experimental diets. This experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 different ration treatments, consist of Ration A = 0% PT W, Ration B = 0% PTW + 0.03% simvastatin, Ration C = 6% PTW, Ration D = 12% PTW, and Ration E = 18% PTW. The administration of PTW in laying hens...
Sigit Bintara1*, Riyan Nugroho Aji1, Panjono2, Ali Agus3
...d were kept in a mooring cage and served with forage and concentrate (CP 16%) at 10% and 3% to the body weight, respectively. There were also added some egg yolk citrate diluent of 2.9% (v/v), Sodium citrate dihydrate buffer, 100 mL of distilled water, and an egg yolk mixture to a proportion of 20% egg yolk 8% (v/v) glycerol (Merck, Germany), penicillin (1,000 IU/mL), and streptomycin (1,000 mg/mL). Sperm was diluted to 50 million/mL and treated with lycopene ...
Abdulaziz A. Alaqil
...al numbers in 40 battery cages (10 birds per cage). Every ten cages were placed in a room to arrange four experimental room groups identified as C, EC, PR, and PR+EC groups, respectively. From 22-42 d of age, the C and EC groups have received a basal diet with no PR supplements, whereas the PR and PR+EC groups have received PR at 1 g/kg of the basal diet. On day 36 of age, the EC and PR+EC...
Rizki Palupi*, Arfan Abrar, Fitri Nova Liya Lubis, Yuni Kurniati, Bianca Ikriza Octa Nadia Putri
...were placed in 25 postal cage units. The feed used was commercial broiler chicken feed: a mixture of concentrate, corn, rice bran and fishmeal, and CCI according to the treatment. The observed variables were nutrient digestibility (dry matter, crude protein and crude fiber), hematological status and blood malondialdehyde levels in blood of broiler chickens. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and further tested by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results of this...
Asif Sadam1*, Rahmat Ullah Khan2, Karim Gabol2*, Muhammad Awais3,4, Mohammad Ismail1, Sajid Mahmood1, Muhammad Aslam4 and Hamidullah5
...r pinch traps and bamboo cages, air rifles, shotguns (single and double barrel) and sometimes for full entertainment Kalashnikovs were also used for the killing of medium-sized and large mammals (golden jackal and wild boar) in the study area. Summer appeared to be the best season for hunting. The interviews with locals revealed that the main purpose of trading and hunting of waterhen includes hunting for entertainment purpose, high economic value of waterhen ...
Waqas Alam1, Sar Zamin Khan1 and Rifat Ullah Khan2*
...andomly distributed into cage (60.96 × 60.96 × 53.34 cm) and floor housing systems having 90 females and 10 males. Each group was subdivided into three replicates (30/replicate female). Hubbard management guideline was followed for feeding, watering, and vaccination. Egg quality parameters were evaluated at pre-peak (22-30 weeks), peak (31-40 weeks) and post-peak (41-59 weeks) production stages. Compare to floor housing system, age of hen at first ...
Muhammad Fiaz Qamar1*, Tahir Hussain1, Iram Liaqat2, Madiha Kiran1 and Abdur Rahman Ansari1
...ers in the city in small cages. The aim of current study was to determine the parasitic burden in doves through the routine laboratory procedures. The prevalence of Eimeria and Capillaria spp. were recorded as 75% and 25% respectively in district Jhang. Whereas, mixed infection (Eimeria spp. + Capillaria spp.) was not detected in the examined birds. Eggs per gram (EPG) counted through McMaster technique for the Eimeria was 700, while that for Capillaria was 85...
Khanitta Pengmeesri1,2* Thassawan Somchan1 , Doungnapa Promket1,3
... randomly selected per 5 cages and slaughtered. Post-carcass dressing, breast and thigh sections were hermetically sealed and stored at -30°C for four weeks, followed by thawing at 4°C for 24 hours. The assessment covers thaw, cooking, and drip losses, along with shear force measurements. Muscle fibers in the breast and thigh were studied via Scanning Electron Microscopy. Using a Completely Randomized Design, meat quality records underwent analysis wit...
Ho Thi Dung, Nguyen Van Chao, Nguyen Thi Hoa, Le Dinh Phung, Tran Thi Na, Nguyen Thi Thuy, Tran Nguyen Thao, Pham Hoang Son Hung*
...rature (HT) treatment (5 cages of 5 chickens per treatment). The broilers of the TC treatment remained under a constant 26 ± 1°C (mean ± standard deviation), while those of the HT treatment were maintained under a constant high temperature of 35 ± 1°C. At 24 days of age, all chickens were sacrificed, and their cecum were collected for histomorphological observation by HE staining and checking the gene expression of tight junction g...
Turrini Yudiarti*, Sugiharto Sugiharto, Endang Widiastuti, Hanny Indrat Wahyuni, Tri Agus Sartono, Maulana Hamonangan Nasution
...) were reared in an open cage. With three treatments, the study used a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of a dose of the fungus Monascus purpureus as a feed additive (FA). These included T0 (basal diet/control); T1 (basal diet supplemented with 0.5% FA); and T2 (basal diet supplemented with 1% FA). Each treatment was repeated five times with a total of ten chiks each pen. Feed additive was provided to chicks beginning 8 days after rearing...
Luthfiralda Sjahfirdi1*, Lisa Nurfalah1, Deanvi Fahira Wisnuputri1, Entang Iskandar2
...) were observed in their cages from 17:00 to 05:00 WIB from September to November 2015. Feces were collected during the observation period and the levels of E1C and PdG were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results showed that the average percentage of behavior observations (K2 and K5), namely was behavior moving 61%, unseen 15%, resting 8%, social behavior 8%, autogrooming 5%, feeding 4%, and reproductive behavior (1%). The presence ...
Divanildo Outor-Monteiro1,2,3*, José António Silva2,3,4, José Luís Mourão1,2,3, Victor Pinheiro1,2,3
... as opposed to intensive cage-based systems. This trial was designed to explore the influence of production systems (cages - Cg; 13.3 rabbits/m2, closed parks - CP; 7.7 rabbits/m2, and open-air systems - Oa; 0.25 rabbits/m2) and slaughter age (70 and 84 days) on the growth, carcass traits and meat quality of growing rabbits. 120 animals were randomly allocated to three different production systems. At both slaughter ages, th...
Mathew O. Ayoola1*, Kayode Sasona1, Oluwakamisi F Akinmoladun2, Tolulope O. Faniyi3, Abel O. Oguntunji1, Tunde E. Lawal1
... floor [H2], and battery cage [H3]) and three feeding systems (forage only [F1], concentrate feed only [F2], and forage + concentrate [F3]) in a 3x3 factorial completely randomized experimental design for ten weeks. The study found that the main effect of housing and feeding systems with their interaction had a significant (p<0.05) effect on measured growth and hematological parameters. Measured serum biochemical indices of rabbits were not significantly (p...
Noor-ul-Ain1, Zulfiqar Ali1*, Saba Naz1, Kiran Saleem1,2, Syeda Rida Hasan1, Sana Arif1, Rida Ahmad1,3, Nida Naeem1, Zarmina Zainab1 and Aliza Batool1,3
...of 70 h, documenting the cage area and behavioural ethogram. The observed behaviours were resting, eating, drinking, locomotion, aggression, urination, defecation, fighting, pacing, playing, foaming, cage exploration, and being out of view. Two different enrichments were installed for two pairs. The first pair was provided with a feeding enrichment consisting of a large wood log applied with small wooden branches on it, upon...
