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Mohammad Fayaz, Abbas Ullah Jan, Dawood Jan

...lity vegetables as their income rises. To be more specific, the quality elasticities for potato, cabbage & cauliflower and peas were lower for rural households compared to urban ones, suggesting that urban households are spending relatively more on vegetables quality (except onion and tomato). Hence, from the policy point of view, evidence of positive demand for quality vegetables would facilitate devising food policy for the development of food markets in...

Nisar Ahmad1*, Inayatullah Jan2, Saif Ullah1 and Sidra Pervez1

 

...ing the productivity and income of the farmers. The current study attempts to analyse the impact of credit on wheat productivity in district Jhang. Furthermore, study explores the purpose of farmers for acquiring loan and major sources of credit in district Jhang. This study is based on primary data collected in 2013 from eight villages in district Jhang – Punjab, Pakistan. The district was divided into four zones and two villages were selected from each...

Muhammad Nawaz Kandhro*, Habib-Ur-Rehman Memon, Muhammad Ali Ansari, Ahmed Naqi Shah

...ggested that maximum net income was recorded when sorghum water extract was applied in integration with Dual Gold. The combined application of sunflower with Dual Gold ranked second in monetary benefits. Interculturing twice was found less economical due to higher costs of labour. Hence, it can be inferred from the above results that Dual Gold dose can be reduced up to 50% in combination with sorghum or sunflower water extracts for effectiv...

 Mohammad Fayaz, Abbas-ullah Jan, Dawood Jan, Ghaffar Ali and Yousaf Hayat

...nse to households’ income in Pakistan. The elasticities of interest (quantity, expenditure and quality) were inelastic with reasonable difference in magnitude across urban and rural households. Overall, the quality elasticity turned out to be positive with an estimated value of 0.0061 and 0.2375 for wheat & wheat flour and rice & rice flour, respectively. The estimation of quality elasticity based upon income q...

 Shahab e Saqib, Mokbul Morshed Ahmad, Sanaullah Panezai, Hidayatullah, Khalid Khan Khattak

...ndholding size and total income had positive relationship with access to credit whereas, age and farmers’ group had negative association with access to credit. Our findings suggest that there is a need to revamp the policy to address the interests of small landholders, particularly those who possess land less than 5 acres because they had limited access to formal sources of credit.

...

 Farmanullah Khan, Samad Khan, Wiqar Ahmad and Imran Khan

...rewarded the maximum net income of Rs. 43108 ha-1, indicating its superiority for profitable wheat yield under rain-fed conditions. It can be concluded from these results that the application of plant nutrients from a variety of natural and manufactured fertilizer sources improve crop yield as well as augment the fertility of soils suffering from water erosion hazards.

...

 Abdul Qahar and Bashir Ahmad

... and R-2207. Maximum net income and benefit cost ratio (BCR) were recorded in plots with 350 kg N and 40 kg S ha-1 for R-2210. Nitrogen and sulfur content in soil and tissue were substantially increased with application of both the nutrients. However, sulfur content in plant tissue did not vary with increasing N from 250 to 350 kg ha-1, but was considerably improved with respect to control. It is concluded that R-2210 produced maximum yield, BCR value and N co...

Mazhir Nadeem Ishaq, Li Cui Xia, Rukhsana Rasheed, Zeeshan Ahmad, Muhammad Abdullah

...members have higher farm income, more milk production, reared improved cattle breeds, get better access to veterinarian services and used more nutritious fodder (silage), as compared to non-members. The findings of study also provided the evidence that establishment of milk marketing cooperatives foster more economic opportunities to female dairy smallholders and assist them in rural development. Based on study findings certain policy options has also been sug...

Metin Duru1*, Asuman Arslan Duru1, Köksal Karadaş2, Ecevit Eyduran3, Harun Cinli4 and Mohammad Masood Tariq5

...or higher price and more income of fertile and table eggs.

...

Irfan Ullah and Abbas Ullah Jan

...ctors such as prices and income. Flexible Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System model is used to estimate food demand patterns using the Household Integrated Economic Survey of Pakistan for the year 2011-12. Food products are categorized into fourteen groups including milk, meat, fruits, vegetables, sugar, beverages, wheat and wheat flour, rice, other cereals, pulses, oil and fats, tea and coffee, backed products and other food. Economic factors such a...

Zaheer Ahmad Qureshi and Khuram Nawaz Sadozai

...designed to estimate the income inequality of rural region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, Pakistan. This study utilized cross sectional data of House Hold Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) collected by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics to obtain the income and expenditure level of sampled House Hold. The HIES data set of year 2011-12 for KP Province was comprised of the total of 1352 sampled House Hold. However, the sample...

Sania Subhan Qureshi, Mian Saeed Sarwar and Zahir Shah

...n and a source of family income through entrepreneurship. A hen with the complaint of swelling on abdominal region, came to Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The University of Agriculture Peshawar. Physical examination was performed and it was diagnosed a case of muscle tumor (myoma). A skin incision was given to expose and to remove tumor mass from the surrounding tissues. Peritoneum, muscle and subcutaneous tissues were sutured with absorbable suture (vicryl; p...

Oluwasogo David Olorunfemi, Oluwasegun Adetokunbo Adekunle, Felix Olayinka Oladipo, Temitope Oluwaseun Oladele and Oladimeji Idowu Oladele

...experience and fish farm income. The value addition initiatives use profile of the fish farmers was still very low among the respondents and training was highly needed on value addition initiatives in seven major areas. It was recommended that robust training programmes and advisory services should be packaged by extension organizations and other stakeholders for fish farmers in the major areas of capacity deficiencies indicated so as to enhance their use of v...

Neelum Andaleeb and Munir Khan

... whereas the average net income per liter from the buffalo and cow milk was Rs. 29 and Rs. 5 thus benefit-cost ratios for buffalo and cow is1:1.43 and 1:1.07, respectively, which show buffaloes were more productive and profitable than cows. Results from Cobb-Douglas production function analysis show that dry fodder, green fodder and daily labor hours have positive significant effect on milk production, while herd size has negative significant effect. Furthermo...

Nusrat Habib, Safeena Inam and Abdul Hayee Qureshi

...hare of non-agricultural income. By increasing 1 percent in these parameters will increase the probability for adoption of sunflower. Keeping in view the importance of this crop it is suggested to provide market structure for sunflower growers near to their field areas and Research efforts should be made to overcome the problems faced by sunflower growers.

...

Amjad Ali and Abbas Ullah Jan

...amily size, his off-farm income and distance between farm and house were found non-significant. The coefficient of education reveals that in study area inefficiency raised with increase in grower’s formal education. In order to increase grower’s productivity government should ensure the provision of quality extension services. Many of the farmers achieving high and consistent yield and then obtaining high technical efficiency in study area can be u...

Naushad Khan1*, Shahnaz Akhtar1, Munir Khan1, Shaista Naz2, Javeria Tanveer1 and Muhammad Kaleem3

... main staple food in low income households. Due to small scale farming in the province the maize growers are always in need of loan for the purchase of inputs. The present study examined the effect of ZTBL credit program on maize productivity in district Mardan of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. For this, a sample of 226 farmers was selected by employing multi stage sampling technique. At first stage, all the three tehsils (i.e.; Mardan, Takht Bhai and Katlang) ...

Zeeshan Haider, Inayatullah Jan and Waqar Akram 

... have adverse effects on income and living conditions of populations worldwide. Keeping that in mind, this study was conducted in northwest Pakistan with the aim to identify the effect of armed conflict on income from tomato crop. The study is based on the primary data collected from two villages namely Shilozan and Pewar in Kuram Agency in the northwest of Pakistan. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired...

Neelum Andaleeb, Munir Khan and Syed Attaullah Shah

...ess to credit, livestock income, tenural status and distance to city significantly affect women’s involvement in livestock farming. Based on these findings the study recommends that significance of women participation to livestock sector must be recognized in government planes and policies. The provision of credit and livestock training facilities to rural women could encourage their participation in livestock farming and provides them decision power in ...

Shahid Iqbal Khattak1*, Mohammad Safdar Baloch1, Khalid Naveed2 and Ejaz Ahmad Khan1

...and relative increase in income as compared to soil applied method. However, maximum grain protein content was recorded in soil applied method in comparison to foliar N application. In conclusion, higher results for all the quantitative parameters were observed at 120 kg N ha-1.

...
Oaj Khurshid1*, Naureen Aurangzeb1, Ayaz Khan1, Alia Naz1, Abdullah khan1, Sobia Nisa2 and Sehrish Sajawal3
... in low, middle and high income areas of Peshawar having the a population more than 2 million. Outcomes of MSW investigation showed the occurrence of great proportion of Decomposable organic matter, adequate moisture content and C/N ratio. On windrow composting, not only the bulk of the waste was compacted but also formed a powdery earthy stinking soil-like, compost material. All valued factors in the compost samples were found to be within the acceptable limi...

Shah Saud Ahmad and Muhammad Zafarullah Khan*

...as their major source of income. FSC was the major source of agricultural information followed by agriculture extension department. More than half of the respondents (i.e. 60%) reported that FSC arranged trainings for them regarding their capacity building. Fertilizer application was the major skill stated by overwhelming majority of (95%) respondents followed by improved agricultural technology (94%) and sowing methods (93%) learned through FSC. Mass contact ...
Mazher Abbas1, Irfan Mahmood1*, Arshed Bashir1, Tahir Mehmood2, Khalid Mahmood1 and Zubair Ikram1
...ng experience and family income on adoption of recommended number of irrigation and hoeing practices whereas age has significant negative impact on the adoption of hoeing practice and fertilizer applications. Positive and significant impact of family income is influencing the adoption of every recommended practice. The present paper concluded that various human resource factors like age, education and experience of the citru...

Wali Khan1, Naushad Khan2 and Shaista Naz2*

...a with an average annual income of Rs. 527,275/- per household. Results of paired t-test confirmed that beekeeping has significant effect on household income. On average of 2 family members per household were engaged in the beekeeping activity. It also provided multiple sources of employment mainly in honey transportation and marketing, thus beekeeping not only served as an income generati...

Abbas Ullah Jan1, Muhammad Fayaz1*, Yousaf Hayat2, Dawood Jan3 and Ghaffar Ali3 

...useholds using household income and expenditure data of Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) survey 2005. The log-log-inverse econometric model, representing nonlinear Engel curve relationship proved to be a valid estimation technique for fruit consumption in Pakistan. The results show that quantity elasticity with respect to income is constant for dates, grapes, guava and mango and tends to increase in all...

Inayatullah Jan*, Sajid Khan, Noor Paio Khan and Muhammad Ashfaq 

...ultural productivity and income of farmers. This study was conducted with the aim to assess the effects of micro-credit programme of KBL on agricultural productivity in district Mardan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. The study was conducted in three purposively selected villages namely; Nasir Kaly, Shankar and Kodeenaka. From the field surveys, it was found that majority of the respondents were smallholders or tenants. After procuring and properly ...

Shaista Naz* and Noor Paio Khan 

...ajor source of household income with 19 percent share. Among the livestock types, cattle were the major one followed by goats and sheep. Livestock was found significant at household level in two aspects of income provision and of lowering household and farm budget. Livestock income was derived from the sale of milk, milk products (such as yogurt, butter and butter oil), other products (lik...

Haidar Ali* and Malik Muhammad Shafi 

...ricts, average per month income of sample small farmers from farm output was higher than the undeveloped villages of these districts due to the high sale price of vegetables grown on large area and more milk production. Similarly, in developed villages income from off-farm employment was more than undeveloped villages. Because large number of family labors of sample respondents were working on high paid jobs or employed else...
Wali Khan1,*, Noor-Un-Nisa2 and Aly Khan3
...roblem in low and middle-income countries. The current study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of potentially pathogenic intestinal protozoan parasitic infection in farmers, education concerned and shepherds of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 1041 stool samples were examined from January 2006 to December 2008 using direct smear and concentration methods. One hundred and fifteen (11.04%) participants were found infected with one or more tha...

Muhammad Luqman1,3, Raheel Saqib2*, Xu Shiwei3 and Yu Wen3 

...rm families (39.3%) earn income for their livelihoods both from farming and non-farming sources. Intensity of participation of female respondents in different crops and livestock activities was comparatively high as compared to their male counterparts. It was found that average daily share of female in crops related activities was 42% and in livestock activities was 53%. Inspite of their participation in crops and livestock activities it was found that compare...

Wang Jian1, Abdur Rehman2*, Noor Khan3, Wang Zhengjia4, Ji Peng-fei5, Xie Cong6, Muhammad Niamatullah Khan Babar7 and Raheel Saqib8 

...ption and per capita net income of the rural households using statistical data of Hebei province China for the period 2000-2014.The descriptive statistical analysis, correlation test, Extend Linear Expenditure System (ELES) model, Gray relational analysis and the residual test have been used in this study.The results of the study indicates that all the rural households consumption have the increasing trend except the Engel coefficient shows the declining trend...

Afsheen Masood1*, Rubab Musarrat2, Shama Mazahir3 and Adeela Ashraf4  

...the basis of the age and income level of the parents. Quality of Life Scale WHOQOLS and Marital Satisfaction Scale were used to collect the data from Anmol and Sundus Foundation and Fatmeed Foundation, Lahore. The results from independent sample t- test revealed that the quality of life and marital satisfaction of parents of children with leukemia was significantly lower than the parents of normal cohort. Further it was indicated by the correlation analysis th...

Zehra Mohsin1*, Sarah Shahed2 and Talat Sohail

...orking hours and monthly income had no significant relationship with the subscales of Professional Quality of Life (compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout). Perceived Social Support had a significant correlation with compassion satisfaction, r=.222, n=160, p<.01. It was concluded that the relationship between age, experience and compassion fatigue of nurses was significantly positive. The greater the age and experience of the nurses the mor...

Shahid Iqbal1*, Amir Nawaz Khan2, Mushtaq Ahmad Jadoon3 and Intikhab Alam3 

...d due to decrease in the income of the households after the floods-2010 while an increase, though non-significant, was reported with respect to use of agricultural chemicals. The floods-2010 has also had adverse effects on crops production where significant decrease has occurred in wheat, sugarcane and maize production. The most important effect was that vegetables growing were stopped after the floods-2010. The study recommends to address the issues through t...
Samra Imran1,* and Afifa Tanweer2
...imensions. Higher family income, female gender and greater meal satisfaction was found to be associated with better biochemical indices. Most participants reported partial compliance to GFD. Compliant participants reported an increased consumption of junk food whereas, non-compliant patients, consumed significantly higher intakes of meat and fat. Regular intake of carbonated beverages, packaged juices and tea by the participants was associated with poor anthro...
Wali Khan1,*, Noor-Un-Nisa2 and Muhammad Asif Nawaz3
...roblem in low and middle-income countries including Pakistan. The current study was aimed to assess the prevalence of Taenia saginata and Hymenolepis nana (tapeworms) infections among farmers, education concerned and shepherds of Swat, Pakistan. A total of 1041 stool samples were examined from January 2006 to December 2008 using direct smear and concentration methods. Two hundred and twenty one (21.2%) participants were found infected with one or...
Muhammad Aqeel Sarwar1*, Abid Ali2, Manzoor Hussain2, Saadia3, Muhammad Khubaib Abuzar4, Ijaz Ahmad5 and Sohail Latif6
... showed that maximum net income and benefit cost ratio were obtained where (F3)75% recommended dose of NPK + 1.5 t ha-1 poultry manure was applied. Therfore, it can be concluded that 75% recommended dose of NPK + 1.5 t ha-1 PM along with Azospirillum seed inoculation could be a better management approach for sustainable wheat production.
...

Ayesha Saeed*, Mobina Naqvi and Ahsan Javed 

...5.075 and mean household income was PKR 25641+16251.543. With these characteristics, the mean birth weight of2.814+0.551 kg was recorded. Four percent (n=2) had very low food security and 34% (n=17) women had low food security. Importantly, food unsecured women had a 5.439 times increased risk of delivering a low birth weight neonate (RR=5.439, CI=1.710-17.296, p=0.002). Regression analysis indicated a significant association (AOR 16.076, CI=2.381-108.564, p=0...

 Aneela Afzal, Tanvir Ali, Munir Ahmad, Humera Amin and Samina Saki*

...te, having annual family income less than one lac, living in joint family system and having small land farms. A large proportion of the respondents reported that they remained engaged in cleaning of seeds, sowing, harvesting, weeding, etc. for corn, rice, wheat, sugarcane, and vegetables’ production. It is concluded that women’s participation in crop production extracted more vital role than their counterparts in rural areas.

...

 Mazher Abbas*, Muhammad Waqas Akram**, Ikram Saeed*** and Arshed Bashir*

...ectively. Average of net income by small, medium and large farmers was Rs. 21194.59, Rs. 20608.26 and Rs. 19956.50 respectively. Benefit cost ratio for small, medium and large farmers was 2.44:1.00, 2.08:1.00 and 2.00:1.00 respectively. The study revealed that canola production in Central Punjab is profitable enterprise. However, the profitability of canola at small farms was higher as compared to other farm size categories. There is sharp increase in input pr...

 Rubina Bano, Hassnain Shah, Muhammad Sharif and Waqar Akhtar*

...t was the main source of income of a family. The average flock size in the study area was 4033 birds. The study also bifurcates the cost structure and fixed cost accounts for 7 % while variable cost accounts for 93% of total cost of production. Feed makes the major share and accounts for 49.34%. Broiler production in the study area is profitable with a profitability index of 0.24, capital turnover of 1.32 with a rate of return on fixed cost 424% and on variabl...

Muhammad Amjed Iqbal1*, Azhar Abbas1, Raza Ullah1, Umar Ijaz Ahmed2, Ali Sher3 and Shoaib Akhtar4 

...lign: justify;">Non-farm income is a major source of income along with farming for agricultural households. The present study is aimed at investigating the significance of non-farm income in farm household’s poverty and income inequality. Data were collected from 480 cotton growing respondents from six districts of Punjab province of Pakistan and F...

 Mazher Abbas*, Tahir Mehmood**, Arshed Bashir*, Muneeb Zafar*** and Aneela Afzal****

ECONOMICS OF LALLEMANTIA ROYLEANA (TUKHAM-EBALANGOO) PRODUCTION IN THE LOW INTENSITY CROPPING ZONE OF THE PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
...espectively. Average net income by small, medium and large farmers was Rs. 25281.02, Rs. 28734.98 and Rs. 28763.83, respectively. Benefit cost ratio for small, medium and large farmers was 2.34:1.00, 2.21:1.00 and 2.09:1.00 respectively. Cultivation of L. royleana in Punjab is profitable enterprise. Because of low cost of production the profitability of L. royleana at small farms was higher as compared to other farm size categories.

...

 Muhammad Tariq*, Raja Muhammad Omer**, Muhammad Ashraf Mian*, Obaid Ur Rehman***, Amjad Tahir Virk and Kazim Abbass**

PROMOTING CERTIFIED SEED AVAILABILITY OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L) THROUGH PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AND ITS IMPACT ON YIELD IN RAINFED AREAS
...mately will increase the income of the farming community of the area.

...

 Muhammad Zubair Anwar, M. Azeem Khan, Ikram Saeed, Akhtar Ali*, Shafique Zahid and Abdul Majid**

SMALL FARMERS PERCEPTIONS REGARDING IMPROVED FODDER AND FORAGE VARIETIES: RESULTS OF PARTICIPATORY ON FARM RESEARCH
...n into an average annual income of a farmer is about 40% of the total household income. Livestock feeding is a critical component of livestock management in the rainfed farming systems. The most binding constraints are: persistent nutritional stress, lack of improved fodder varieties and lack of fodder preservation techniques for lean period. To resolve this issue improved fodder varieties and forage species were introduced....

 Ayesha Tahir* and Zafar Altaf**

DETERMINANTS OF INCOME FROM VEGETABLES PRODUCTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NORMAL AND OFF-SEASON VEGETABLES IN ABBOTTABAD
... for increasing farmer's income and production diversity concerns, but also for increasing the intake of micronutrients in human diet through increased vegetable consumption. The spectrum of year round availability of vegetables could be further extended. The off-season vegetable production offers a promising opportunity in this direction. The study is based on comparison of income obtained from production both in normal and...

 Naheed Zahra*, Muhammad Zubair Anwar*, Sonila Hassan** and Irfan Mehmood**

INSTITUTIONAL CREDIT ARRANGEMENT AND THEIR IMPLICATION ON AGRICULTURAL INCOME IN THE SELECTED VILLAGES OF RAWALPINDI DISTRICT
... instrument to boost the income earning capacity of subsistence farmers. The aim of the present research was to ascertain the impact of institutional credit on the agricultural income of the sample farmers. The study was based on the primary data collected from 150 farmers through purposive random sampling. Regression analysis was done to obtain the results. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method was applied to generate the resu...

 Naheed Zahra*, Hassnain Shah*, M. Azeem Khan* and M. Zubair Anwar* 

LIVELIHOOD ASSETS AND POVERTY NEXUS: A CASE STUDY FROM RAINFED POTHWAR AREA OF PAKISTAN
...ffective tool to improve income. Therefore along with improvement in irrigation practice through using high efficiency irrigation systems, other water harvesting techniques being demonstrated in the watershed project could also improve livelihood in the area. Better utilization of available resources would also improve livelihood and decrease poverty in the area. 

...

 Muhammad Aamir Khan*, Abdul Saboor*, Rauf-i-Azam**, Abdul Qayyum Mohsin* and Fayyaz-ul-Hassan***

IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON INCOME INEQUALITY IN PAKISTAN
...liberalization increases income inequality and somewhat detrimental to the rural household types, who guage most of their income from agricultural business. Trade policy must be pursued keeping derivation and distributional narration in view. 

...

 Muhammad Akhter*, Muhammad Azhar Ali**, Zulqarnain Haider* and Shahzad Muzammil***

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHANGES IN GRAINS OF SOME ADVANCE LINES/ VARIETIES OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) AFTER PARBOILING
... result in augmented net income.

...

 Muhammad Arshad Ullah*, Nazir Hussain**, Helge Schmeisky*** and Muhammad Rasheed**** 

INOCULATION AND INTER-CROPPING OF LEGUMES IN ESTABLISHED GRASS FOR INCREASING BIOMASS OF FODDER
...d meat products and high income to the farmers. In Pakistan, this vast resource faces many crucial challenges like low quality and high priced feed and fodder and limited chances of increasing area under fodders due to competition for food crops. Intercropping (33%, 50% and 67%) of Panicum maximum grass and legumes (Vicia sativa and cowpeas) coupled with inoculation was studied under rainfed conditions at National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) Islamabad,...

 Khalid Mahmood Aujla* and Abid Hussain*

ECONOMICS OF MILK PRODUCTION OF MAJOR DAIRY BUFFALO BREEDS BY AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN PAKISTAN
...annum, respectively. Net income per liter from milk of NiliRavi and Kundhi breeds was Rs.12 and Rs.11, and benefit-cost ratios were 1.4 and 1.3, respectively. Hence, Nili-Ravi buffalo breed is more productive and yields better returns over Kundhi breed. Moreover, buffalo milk production is a profitable business in the country except in coastal areas of Sindh, where investment in milk production just covers the cost of production due to comparatively higher fee...

 Junaid Alvi*, Ijaz Ashraf*, Khalid Mehmood Ch*, Muhammad Iftikhar* and Saleem Ashraf**

IMPACT OF LIVESTOCK IN UPLIFTING RURAL LIVELIHOOD
...found widely adopted for income generation. More than 22% respondents earned a maximum income of more than Rs.15000. Livestock have dominant effect on domestic needs fulfillment. Farmers were spending income on family chores, education, health and other aspects of life. Informal discussions and observation dictated the lower productivity than the potential and inadequate awareness and adop...

 Ahmed Fatima*

INCIDENCE OF POVERTY AND THE ROLE OF NON-FARM ACTIVITIES
...as well as the spread of income among the poor for non-farm wage earners, farm wage earners, non-farm self-employed and the crop cultivators in the nine agro-climatic zones of rural Pakistan was also carried out. The relationship between incidence of poverty and non-farm activities is ambivalent with non-farm households being better off in regions that are less fertile. The incidence of poverty was highest amongst farm wage workers, followed by non-farm wage w...

 Hafiz Saqib Habib*, Arshad Mahmood Malik*, Abid Ali** and Muhammad Aamir Khan***

SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLD FOOD EXPENDITURES IN RAWALPINDI
...ory variables. Household incomes, marital status of household head and number of earners variables have significant impact on households' food expenditures. The qualification of household head, age and gender were insignificant regarding impacts on households' food expenditures. All the socioeconomic factors were positively elastic regarding food expenditures except marital status variable. Engels law analysis regarding necessities such as food items was confi...

 Ghulam Sadiq Afridi*, Abdul Saboor**, Zahoor-ul-Haq***, Sultan Ali
Tariq**** and Muhammad Ishaq*****

EXPLORING POTENTIAL AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PAKISTAN'S COTTON EXPORT
...r-middle and uppermiddle income countries and countries those have fair trade (low tariff and nontariff barriers) for cotton export. Greater export potential lies with Malaysia, Kenya, Jordan, Thailand, Mauritius, Netherlands, Norway, Australia and Russian Federation for export of cotton, however, export potential for cotton has been exhausted with Canada, France, India, Iran and Saudi Arabia. The study provide the policy information that countries of Latin Am...

 Muhammad Bilal*, Zafar Abbas*, Ijaz Ahmad**, Muhammad Aslam*, Muhammad Ijaz****, Adnan Shakeel***, Mushtaq Ahmad*** and Kashif Bashir*****

RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT COTTON ( L.) GENOTYPES AT VARIOUS SALINITY LEVELS
... provide the shelter for income from textile industry, as mainly the textile industry depends upon cotton production. High salinity levels hamper the boll formation in cotton genotypes as it reduces the yield. To verify this fact, study was carried out under natural conditions as pots experiment in soil at water testing laboratory, D.G. Khan during 2012-13. Six cotton genotypes (FH – 945, FH – 901, NIAB – 111, NIAB – 999, B – 630 ...

 Nusrat Habib*

RELATIVE PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF SUNFLOWER IN DISTRICT SWABI AND MARDAN
...flower were earning more income than adopters of sunflower with lesser profit. This economic benefit in other crops was the major reason for sunflower non-adoption in selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

...

Khalid Khan*1, Muhammad Abdul Kamal2, Saubia Ramazan3, Gulawar Khan4, Gulzar Ali5 and Sheharyar Ahmed

...ural credit on livestock income in district Lasbela, Balochistan. For assessment, we have used primary and secondary data to test the relationship between agricultural credit and livestock income. The results of the study indicate that agricultural credit help to develop livestock sector and enhance livestock income of the farmers by 65%. Furthermore, the elasticity of agricultural credi...

Azhar Mehmood1,2,*, Muhammad Farrukh Saleem2, Muhammad Tahir2, Muhammad Aqeel Sarwar3, Tasawer Abbas4, Ali Zohaib2, Hafiz Tassawar Abbas

... resulted in maximum net income (88518 Rs.) and benefit cost ratio (1.25) for Hysun-33.
 

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Shahid Ali1* and Salamat Ali2  

...loyment and provision of income for millions. This study, therefore, estimated and compared costs and revenues of open shed and environmentally controlled (EC) shed broiler farms in Punjab, Pakistan. Multistage sampling technique was applied for selection of sampled respondents. 120 farmers, 60 farmers of open shed and 60 farmers of EC shed were interviewed during 2014. Dummy variable regression was applied for estimation and comparison of costs and revenues o...

Urooba Pervaiz1, Abdus Salam1, Dawood Jan2, Ayesha Khan1 and Mahmood Iqbal

... training; tomato yield, income, total cost of seed, weeding, and pesticides were increased, while seed rate gm per acre was decreased. It is concluded that all the respondents adopted HYVs. Major constrains in the adoption of extension recommendations were high price of agricultural inputs, non-availability of; cold storage, agricultural credit and certified vegetable seeds, lack of fertilizers and technical knowledge, pest and diseases incidence, improper ma...

Saima Rani*, Hassnian Shah, Nusrat Habib and Muhammad Azeem Khan 

... age, employment status, income, education, number of children, taste, no chemical residual, high nutritional value, freshness and colour of the vegetables have positive effects on consumer to pay a high price. While in case of product size and shape has a adverse effect on consumer. Results indicate that when making choices of food, consumers in Islamabad prioritise their health. Furthermore, the households who earn more income...

Usman Shakoor1, Ali Nasir2, Mudassar Rashid1, Muhammad Iftikhar-ul-Husnain1, Nabila Khurshid1 and Zuhair Husnain

...he level of agricultural income tax decreased share of GDP by 0.073%. Whereas increase in land tax revenue had a significant positive effect on the agriculture share of GDP. Exempting agriculture income tax would give respite to agriculture community as done in china, where zero agriculture income tax was applied in practical. However, if income tax must...
Masood Nizam Tabassum1*, Muhammad Ather Khan2, Saira Afzal3, Amir Gilani4, Abdul Wahab Gureja5, ShafaqTabassum6
....79% females had monthly income 10,000 or less whereas 34.82% males and 25.04% females had monthly income between ten thousands and thirty thousands.38.75% males and 44.84% females belonged to lower class.1004 (89.64%) cases were relapsed and 116(10.36%) were new cases. 366(32.68%) cases had pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and 754(67.32%) cases had extra pulmonary tuberculosis. 
Conclusion: There were 83...

Jahangir khan* and Abbas Ullah Jan 

... like age, education and income have positive significant effects on households’ willingness to pay. Findings of the study also reveal a significant influence of employment status of the household’s head on WTP, whereas household’s size has a negative significant effect on willingness to pay for pesticides- free fruit. Findings of the study indicate that in addition to demographic characteristics, households’ perception regarding health...

Mohammed Al Mahish* 

...for lettuce is price and income inelastic, and lettuce is a necessity good. The results of the supply model show that the supply of lettuce is price inelastic, and wage increase has a negative impact on lettuce supply. The total elasticities of wage show that an increase in wage increases price and reduces quantity. Furthermore, the paper shows that the reduction in producer surplus as a result of wage and income increase is...

Raphael Olanrewaju Babatunde, Adeyemi Esther Omoniwa and Miriam Ukemenam 

...ong children affects the income as an indicator of livelihood of farming households in Kwara state, Nigeria. A sampling technique comprising of three stages was used to randomly select 200 farming households in the study area. Data were collected using questionnaire and were analyzed using the Gini-coefficient and the Ordinary Least Square method. The result showed an overall gini-coefficient for gender inequality in schooling of 0.35, with the value for boys ...
Azmat Hayat Khan Khattak1, Abdul Wasay2, Tariq Ali1,*, Muhammad Iqbal1, Khisrao Kalim1, Mohammad Farooque Hassan3, Muhammad Mobashar2, Nazir Ahmad2, Abid Iqbal2 and Muhammad Nauman ul Islam1
...o evaluated with maximum income from group-B (Rs. 71.1/day/calf). This study concluded that different weaning ages might contribute significantly to feed intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency of growing calves.
...

Muhammad Ishfaq1*, Nadeem Akbar1, Imran Khan1, Shakeel Ahmad Anjum1, Usman Zulfiqar1, Muhammad Ahmad1, Mumtaz Ahmad2 and Muhammad Umer Chattha1 

...treatments. Maximum net income (USD. 1097.2 ha-1) was obtained from S3 (22.50 cm row spacing) treatment under dry field conditions and BCR 1.5 was recorded in 22.50 cm spaced rows. In sum, 22.50 cm spaced rows are optimum for successful and economic rice productivity under direct seeded rice. 

...
Saima Shahzad Mirza1,*, Hafiz Muhammad Qamer2, Hafiz Abdullah Shakir3,*, Rana Shoaib Akram4
... easy access for limited income families.
...

Muhammad Luqman1, Raheel Saqib2*, Mujahid Karim1, Khalid Nawab2, Abdur Rehman3 and Muhammad Yaseen1 

...). Farming was the major income source for majority (69.4%) of respondents. Small farming is very common as more than 60.0% of the respondents had only up to 5 acres of land. Majority (65.6%) were perceived as poor (having monthly income >7000 PKR). Regarding impact of agro forestry on rural household food security “good source of fuel wood” ranked first (mean=2.95). Small land holding was one of the major con...

Aneel Salman1, Muhammad Iftikhar ul Husnain1, Inayatullah Jan2*, Muhammad Ashfaq2, Mudassar Rashid1 and Usman Shakoor1 

... of respondents (age and income) that can affect their perceptions, their adaptation strategies, and obstacles faced in adaptation. The results of the study need to be interpreted with caution, as we did not focus on other determinants like education, role of media, and government policies that can affect farmers’ choices to adopt climate resilient farming practices.  

...

Amjad Ali1, Abbas Ullah Jan1, Lal Almas2, Noor Piao Khan1 and Khurran Nawaz Saddozai

...n, family size, off-farm income, farm to home distance, tenancy and extension contacts are determinants in allocative inefficiency model. Results of the study revealed that except farmyard manure and pesticides all other explanatory variables are significant influencing factors in total cost of sugarcane production in district Charsadda. In socio-economic characteristics family size and extension contacts show negative correlation with allocative inefficiency....
Ghazunfar Rashid1, Muhammad Avais1, Syed Saleem Ahmad1, Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq2, Rais Ahmed3,*, Mahboob Ali1, Muhammad Naveed-ul-Haque4, Mehtab Ahmad5Mumtaz Ali Khan1 and Naimat Ullah Khan6
...k is a primary source of income for small dairy farmers in developing countries. Dairy animals fed with a fodder containing a balanced nitrogen contents produce high quality milk. Excess use of nitrogen fertilizers in the soil cause excess accumulation of nitrates in fodder, which is the main source of nitrate poisoning in dairy animals. In the present study nitrate contents in fodder crops, viz., Sorghum bicolor (Jowar), Pennisetum glaucum

Muhammad Asghar1*, Mirza Muhammad Qadeer Baig1, Sanaullalh Chaudhary1 and Muhammad Anjum Ali2 

...) and gave an additional income of Rs.26305 ha-1 with benefit cost ratio of 11.31 compared with control. It is suggested that spray of difenoconazole and macro nutrients (NPK) at appropriate concentrations are handy to minimize incidence of BLS disease in rice crop. 

...

Neelum Andaleeb1*, Munir Khan1, Syed Attaullah Shah1 and Rahmat Ullah2 

...ured as daily per capita income level. Variables, such as income generating individuals, milking animals, women participation in livestock farming, education level of the head, age of the head and agricultural land holding of the household, were used as explanatory variables in the model. Results of ordered logit model showed that education level of the head, numbers of income generating i...

Noor ul Ain*, Malik Muhammad Shafi and Haidar Ali* 

...verage household’s income was Rs. 91,336.66 during the study period. The results showed that on average the quantity demanded of Spinach was 4.1993 Kgs, Pea 4.0767 Kgs, Potato 6.65 Kgs and 4.95 Kgs of Cabbage-Cauliflower. Results showed that Spinach was a compliment of Pea. Results indicated that household size was highly significant and had a positive relation with the quantity demanded. The study showed that household size is highly significant for all...

Naseer Ahmed Abbasi1, Mian Noor Hussain Asghar Ali1*, Bilawal Abbasi2, Shakeel Ahmed Soomro1, Najeeb Ahmed Khan Nangraj1, Jam Ghulam Mustafa Sahto1 and Sajjad Ahmed Morio1 

...basic source of national income and food of all developing countries of the world, but land manager and farmers face the main problem when and where to cultivate. The present study was aims to analyze the efficiency of the parametric and fuzzy set methods in the land assessment for wheat production of Tando Allahyar district of Sindh Province. The present study able to provide grade performance suitability of lands for agricultural purposes; it could be more h...

Shakeel Ahmad Anjum1, Muhammad Mohsin Raza2, Sami Ullah1, 3*, Malik Muhammad Yousaf2, Ahmad Mujtaba1, Mumtaz Hussain2, Muhammad Jahangir Shah2, Bashir Ahmad2 and Ijaz Ahmad4 

...tillage gave maximum net income of Rs 99753 ha-1 with VCR (1.75), whereas minimum net income of Rs 13703 ha-1 with VCR (1.12) where zero tillage drilling system was adopted. Our study demonstrated that deep tillage is better option for yield enhancement under Faisalabad conditions. 

...
Khalid Khan1, Saima Liaqat2*, Somaiya Rasheed1 and Ihsanullah Kakar3
...idely used livestock for income generation. Furthermore, livestock have a predominant role to accomplish the rudimentary needs of the households. Moreover, livestock offer opportunities of income generation and to spend it on education, health and housing, which eventually enhanced the living standard of the households. However, orthodox and dogmatic methods, inadequate awareness and lack of animals’ hospitals lead to ...

Irfan Ullah*, Abbas Ullah Jan, Muhammad Fayaz, Amjad Ali and Atta Ullah Shah 

...ctors such as prices and income. Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS) model is used to estimate food demand patterns using the Household Integrated Economic Survey part of Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement for the year 2011-12. Fourteen food groups as per HIES including milk, meat, fruits, sugar, vegetables, beverages, wheat and wheat flour, rice, other cereals, pulses, oil and fats, tea and coffee, backed products and other fo...

Farhana Gul1*, Dawood Jan1 and Muhammad Ashfaq2 

...farm returns, per capita income and poverty rates of wheat producers using extensive farm survey data from 150 farmers from different climatic zones of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan were measured in this study. TOA-MD model was used to measure the impact of climate change adaptation strategies. Adjustment in sowing time, improved fertilizer application method and increasing sowing densities were three-major adaptation practices whose benefits were analyzed. The...

Anum Khursheed1, Malik Muhammad Shafi2 and Haidar Ali2* 

...tionship between monthly income and sources of income from livestock. AJKRSP had conducted training programs in different sectors regarding livestock. Livelihood of about (80%) of the sampled respondents had improved after training. Study concluded that AJKRSP has enormous effect on local community which contributed positively to livelihood of local community. 

...

Kubra Siddique*, Ghaffar Ali, Irfan Ullah, Atta Ullah Shah and Muhammad Fayaz 

...rices, households’ income and their socioeconomic characteristics are included in the model. The results reveal that on the average, households in rural region spend more on the food items while, urban households spend more on non-food items. Expenditures on beef is noted highest for both urban and rural region followed by chicken, fish and other meat type (Eggs, Shrimps, Prawns). Empirical results show that for all the selected meat type expenditure e...

Muhammad Shahid1*, Mehmood Shah2, Adiqa Kiani3 and Farhat Parveen4 

...y sector which generates incomes and financial support for agricultural sector. This research paper debates on livestock implications in raising labour productivity by taking time series data from 1984 to 2017 and Auto Regressive Distributive lag model (ARDL) has been applied to conclude the results. The other econometric test CUSUM and CUSUM sum of square were conducted to check the stability of the model. The results of the study reveal statistically signifi...

Shakeel Ahmad Anjum1, Sami Ullah1*, Muhammad Mohsin Raza2, Mohsin Raza1, Muhammad Abbas3, Ijaz Ahmad4, Malik Muhammad Yousaf2, Muhammad Zeshan5, Adeel Abbas1, Mehmood Ali Noor1 and Mohsin Nawaz1 

...ication gave highest net income and benefit-cost ratio. Thus foliar application of 0.05 M B application (foliar) at booting stage can improve wheat productivity possibly by optimizing post-vegetative plant metabolic activities during grain filling, in contrast to late application rate. 

...

Ayub Khan* and Ghaffar Ali 

...f the land, family size, income, land size, education, age and perception, were the important factors influencing WTP of the respondents in the study area. These findings suggests that sufficient funds can be generated from local farming community to implement the suggested program, and in this direction the concerned government and non-government organizations can play key role in educating and mobilizing farmers 

...

Sanaullah and Urooba Pervaiz* 

...ween 25-35 years. Yield, income, plant spacing, seed rate, irrigation interval, and use of pesticide before and after training were computed with the help of paired sample t-test. Results revealed that in maize there is a significant decrease for seed rate (-11.6743 kg/acre) and irrigation interval (-16.03 days) after training, while significant increase in mean difference was recorded for row-to-row distance (38.7 cm), plant-to-plant distance (8.22 cm), use o...

Zara Ahmad1*, Fazli Rabbi2, Muhammad Zamin3, Bushra Kiran2, Tariq Shah2 and Shahzad Kouser4 

...uction to enhance farmer income and improve their socioeconomic status. 

...
Muhammad Saleem Hanif1, Khalid Javed Iqbal1,*, Arshad Javid3, Noor Khan2, Irfan4, Hamid Majeed5, Muhammad Altaf3
...Fishermen maximum yearly income at both study sites were in the range of 70,000 - 80,000 PKR (Pakistan rupees). The study had confirmed most of the fishermen were living in poor conditions which accounts 60 and 80 % of head Punjnad and Taunsa, respectively. However, most of them were dependent on tap as well as tube well water as drinking source. On the other hand, to run the fishing business, majority of them were relying on loans from non-government sources....
Khalid Khan1*, Hazrat Yousaf1, Noor Mohammad1, Munir Khan1 and Do Thi Thao2
...ecurity, real disposable income of households’and food production. The results of the study also revealed that the implication of monetary policy will be a significant instrument to influence poverty, food security, and consumption patterns in China. 
...

Jahangir Khan1*, Abbasullah Jan1, Kar Ho Lim2, Syed Attaullah Shah1*, Aditya R Khanal2 and Ghaffar Ali1 

... and their total monthly income were significant determinants of their WTP. In addition, health concern and environment concern of pesticides use also influence the WTP. Findings from this study help in assessing the market potential for pesticides-free fruits in Pakistan 

...

Raheel Saqib1*, Muhammad Luqman2, Iqbal Javed3, Abdur Rehman4, Muhammad Yaseen2, Saleem Ashraf5 and Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed2 

... of changing climate and income level of households. It was found that social capital was highly influenced and depends upon income level of households as majority (67.0%) of the poor people with low income level had low level of financial capital. The preference or choice of livelihood strategies by different income groups was measured through chi-squar...

Umar Hayat1*, Shahid Ali1, Abdul Mateen2 and Hazrat Bilal

...unemployment and unequal income distribution. Although, Agricultural growth is considered an important instrument for alleviation in poverty, but still its proper measurement is scarce in studies. To examine and analyze the nexus between agricultural growth and poverty in Pakistan, the present study has been organized. Data on key variables including agricultural growth and poverty head count ratio are taken from different authentic sources, such as: Pakistan ...
Zekeriya Demir1 and Hatice Kaya2*
...onomic analysis, the net income for hen fed 1.5% BP addition dietincreased by about 0.62% compared to control group. Therefore, bee pollen may be used in laying hen diets because of its psitive effects on FCR, serum cholesterol and lipid contents.

 

...

Qaisar Mehmood1*, Maqbool Hussain Sial1, Saira Sharif1, Abid Hussain2, Muhammad Riaz3 and Nargis Shaheen4 

... a key role for national income and a source of food in Pakistan. Therefore, forecasting the production of fish is important for better production and for planning of fish export. Objective of this research is to propose suitable Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model for forecasting the production of fisheries, using Box-Jenkins’s (1976) methodology. Secondary data, “50 years of Pakistan: volume-iii (1947-1997)” published by ...

Muhammad Bakhtiar Khan1 and Jangraiz Khan2* 

... farmers to fetch higher income. Additionally, credit facilities to the farmers would help potential progressive growers to adopt tunnel-farming and grow off-season vegetables, thus getting higher yield per acre. 

...

Majid Khan, Naveed Jehan*, Muhammad Zahoor and Nadia Naz 

.... Monthly farmers’ income was calculated from the total crop and non-crop income. The results revealed that the poverty ratio and Poverty Gap index were 8.3 percent and 0.016 percent for the Virginia tobacco growers and 42.52 percent and 0.076 percent for the non-tobacco growers, respectively. This shows that the Virginia Tobacco growers poverty status was better. Therefore, tobacco is recommended as cash crop in Chars...

Asif Yaseen1, Muhammad Israr2*, Allah Bux Khan1, Ahsan Javed3, Nafees Ahmad4 and Zia Ullah

...n to offer increased net income to smallholder citrus growers. Findings showed the importance of production experience and know-how of quality issues are the significant determinants of farmers’ reliance on high value marketing channels. To this end, policy makers need to give due consideration to certain exogenous factors such as price expectation, delay of payment, trust in buyer, price fluctuation, and provision of farm services. 

...

Faisal Azeem Abbassi1, Atta Ullah2, Muhammad Saim Hashmi1, Khadim Hussain1* and Nasim Akhter1 

...ds’ main source of income) in the district. Apart from this, livelihood strategies are fairly diverse in different tehsils (sub-divisions) of the district. Results of Multinomial Logit Model demonstrate that human capital has the strongest positive role to enable households to enter into more rewarding livelihood strategies. Study recommends to take appropriate steps to reduce pressure on natural resources, to make further investment in human capital to ...

Saba1, Shahnaz Akhtar1, Waqar Khalid2* and Saifullah Khan

...mily size, and livestock income significantly affect women’s participation; however, women’s age and herd size insignificantly affect women’s inclusion in the livestock farming operations. The findings of this study recommend that the importance of rural women’s involvement in the livestock sector should be identified in federal and provincial government plans and agricultural policy formulations. The study also recommends that the prov...

Haidar Ali1*, Malik Muhammad Shafi1, Himayatullah Khan1 and Hamra Haidar

...llages average per month income of small farm households from farm output was higher than the underdeveloped villages due to the high sale price of vegetables grown on large area and more milk production. Similarly, in developed villages income from off-farm employment was more than underdeveloped villages. Because large number of family labors of small farmers were working on high paid jobs or employed else or self-employed...

Sanaullah1*, Urooba Pervaiz1, Shahid Ali2, Mohammad Fayaz2 and Aftab Khan

...dy area out of which low income of the families and lack of required technical knowledge were of major concerns. The results of t-test indicated that higher maize yield was obtained for the respondents who irrigated their fields using hybrid seed, as well as with the help from extension specialists’ visits and with the adoption of recommended farming practices. It is established that improved farming practices have significant influence on yield. The stu...

Mahfooz Khan* and Himayatullah Khan 

...of the study showed that income of farm households, education level of household head and cooking cost had significant effect on the use of electricity, firewood and natural gas as against animal dung cakes for cooking purpose which was the base category. The study concluded that the use natural gas for cooking was less expensive as compared to other alternative energy sources such as firewood, electricity and animal dung cakes. The study also concluded that f...
Muneer Abbas1*, Muhammad Ramzan1, Khalid Hussain1, Abdul Ghaffar1, Niaz Hussain1, Muhammad Irshad1, Mudassar Khaliq1 and Sohail Abbas2
...al MCBR of 13.3 with net income Rs. 32000 followed by B. thuringiensis and hand picking having net income Rs. 11150 and 10300, respectively. T. chilonis and T-bird perches were least effective having net income 3850 and 5075, MCBR 5.13 and 3.12, respectively. Light traps had maximum adult catches of 706/ cropping season, which reduces the larval population by suppressing the ...

Bahadar Sher Khattak1, Muhammad Kaleem1, Waqas2*, Humaira Naz1 and Muhammad Yasir

...o-credit in establishing income generating entrepreneurs, purchased quality seeds, fertilizers and small scale modern technology. These innovations brought substantial enhancement in their farm productivity and income that ultimately improved those farmers’ socioeconomic position. However, 16.7% of the respondents’ remains deprived of acquiring the micro-credit facilities of the project where no change in their l...

Amjad Ali1*, Lal Almas2, Syed Attaullah Shah1, Hina Fatima3 and Asim Khan1  

...ow that age and off-farm income are quite influential socio-economic factors that affect technical efficiency of sugarcane growers in the study area. On inputs side farm size, labor, seed rate, tractor hours, irrigation and urea were found statistically significant. Therefore, based on findings, it is recommended that in order to encourage growers to apply optimal amount of these inputs and avoid uncertainty in returns, an effective system need to be put in pl...

Mubashir Mehdi1*, Muhammad Bilal Ahsan1, Burhan Ahmad1, Khuram Nawaz Sadozai2, Gulnaaz Hameed3 and Muhammad Asif4 

... major regressor for the income of on-farm laborers. In ceteris paribus conditions, coefficient of education indicates that there is a positive relationship among education of labor and Income. Credit facility at farm level was also incorporated as dummy variable under economic context of decent work to assess its regressing level with income and was reported as significant. The study conc...

Cornelius Arome Omatola*, Samson Daniel Iyeh, Shedrach James Abuh, Charles Kehinde Mofolorunsho, Martin-Luther Oseni Okolo and Phoebe Queen Akoh 

...d 15-35 years and of low-income earners had a higher prevalence of STIs. Factors such as a history of STIs in women and husbands, blood transfusions, genital ulcers and trimesters were significantly related to a higher predisposition to STIs. Conclusively, a high prevalence of STIs was observed among asymptomatic pregnant women in the study area. Our findings highlight a concern with economic consequences. Hence intervention programs including comprehensive sc...

Khalid Khan* and Guo Xiangyu 

...an also spur the average income of family to escape them from absolute poverty. Furthermore, the results of the study indicate that extensive consultation and training of the farmers can significantly improve the technical efficiency. In other words, the extension department of Balochistan should take a step to provide all the necessary training and consultation to the farmers to improve the technical efficiency of the rice producers in the district. 

...

Ahmad Kiani1*, Shapour Zarifian1, Hosein Kouhestani1 and Hosein Karimzadeh

...tegies to increase rural incomes, create new job opportunities in rural areas etc., and site selection of rural industries has led to the development goals. Agricultural industries are one type of rural industries and it’s so important in Iran because of major potential of agriculture in Iran and also other developing countries. According to the statistics in Tehran province by the end of 2013 about 135 units of Agricultural industries were active but th...

Ghani Akbar 

...e of the main sources of income of 52% of population of Malakand division, is less profitable due to traditional farming methods. Therefore, this paper is aimed to investigate the key agricultural issues and to identify strategies for utilizing the full potential of agriculture for improving livelihood in this region. This study indicated that climate change induced hazards of land degradation and water scarcity due to frequent floods and droughts, decline in ...

Rana Shahzad Noor1,2*, Fiaz Hussain2, Muhammad Umair2, Waqas Aslam2, Muhammad Ameen4, Muhammad Adnan Islam3 and Muhammad Sheraz2 

 

...sumption, input cost and income was determined in conventional tillage system T1 and reduced tillage system T2. 

...

K. Osei1† , A. I. Adama1 , E. C. Tagoe2 and J. Sackey-Asante1

 

Biochar effect on nematodes and insects population density, soil improvement and yield of okra
...ulinary significance and income generation potential. Agricultural production worldwide is constrained by abiotic and biotic factors. Chemical fertilizers are usually used to solve soil infertility problems. However, chemical fertilizers are expensive and when applied continuously, degrade agricultural lands (Savci, 2012; Bhattacharyya et al., 2015). Biotic factors such as plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) and foliar insects have been implicated as major constra...

Shaista Naz1*, Noor P. Khan1, Himayatullah Khan1 and Azra2 

Does Women’s Participation in Livestock Management Enhance their Empowerment? An Insight from the Tribal Belt of Pakistan
...le (0.59), and livestock income utilization (0.63) due to their low level of mobility and technical know-how. Almost all the household activities were directly related to the power of men due to the DMI value of below 0.50. The average DMI was 0.98 for livestock management activities as compared to 0.42 for household matters which indicate that women were enjoying a high level of decision-making power/empowerment in livestock management as compared to househol...

Muhammad Naveed Anjum1, Abdur Rehman1*, Muhammad Niamatullah Khan1, Raheel Saqib2, Mohammad Fayaz3 and Iqbal Javed4

Impact of Microfinance on Socioeconomic Status of Farmers in District Dera Ismail Khan
...c status such as, family income, family health status, children educational status, living standard, food/diet pattern, crop production and transportation and finally the constraints faced by the borrowers to get the loans from microfinance institutions. The primary data were collected from the 300 borrowers of microfinance institutions especially from Khushhali Bank limited through a well-designed structured questionnaire. The descriptive, inferential statist...

 Amjad Ali*, Amir Nawaz Khan*, Atta-ur-Rahman*, Muhammad Saeed*

ANALYSIS OF SITE, SITUATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON RESETTLEMENT OF PROPOSED NEW BALAKOT TOWN, PAKISTAN: AN EX POST EVALUATION OF 2005 KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE
...kot town attract the low income and servant class of the old Balakot town for residential purposes. However, the politicians, businessmen and landlords of the community are fear to suffer. As a result, these groups resist the process of resettlement. This uncertainty about the resettlement is the product of human interaction with the site and situation of new Balakot town in post 2005 Kashmir earthquake scenario. The site is feasible while ...

Sajad Ali1*, Jangraiz Khan2, Arshadullah Jadoon3, Muhammad Riaz4 and Abid Khan1

Evaluation of Farmers Socioeconomic Characteristics Influencing Tomato Output in District Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
...source of farmer’s income in Pakistan. The production of tomato has been decreased considerably during the last five years. The present study has been conducted to explore the farmer’s socio-economic characteristics, affecting the tomato production in district Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A multi-stage-sampling technique and interview method were adopted for data collection. A sample of 160 tomato (Kharif) growers was drawn from 16 villa...

Ejaz Ashraf1*, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel2, Saima Sadaf1, Adnan Ahmad1, Usman Rafique1 and Muhammad Arshad Javed1

An Assessment of Farmers’ Awareness Level Regarding Integrated Farming System in District Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
...farmers to increase cash income, improve quality and quantity of food produced by methodical exploitation of resources. Purpose of the study was to assess the awareness of the farmers to determine the impact of integrated farming system (IFS) on agricultural development and improving the livelihoods in the study area. To accomplish these objectives, an interview schedule was developed as a research instrument to record the opinions of the respondents by using ...

Ejaz Ashraf1*, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel2, Saima Sadaf1, Adnan Ahmad1, Usman Rafique1 and Muhammad Arshad Javed1

An Assessment of Farmers’ Awareness Level Regarding Integrated Farming System in District Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
...farmers to increase cash income, improve quality and quantity of food produced by methodical exploitation of resources. Purpose of the study was to assess the awareness of the farmers to determine the impact of integrated farming system (IFS) on agricultural development and improving the livelihoods in the study area. To accomplish these objectives, an interview schedule was developed as a research instrument to record the opinions of the respondents by using ...
Abdul Waheed*, Asim Faraz, Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq
...1.6 with average monthly income of Rs. 14322.6±3026.4. These rural household had on the average 11.4±4.5 hens, 2.1±1.1 cocks, 6.9±4.5 chicks, and 4.5±3.4 laying hens. Majority of them kept hen in khuda (a small need-based structure like small room for keeping birds). Most of them offer grains to the desi birds and majority was aware of poultry diseases, mainly keeping desi birds. Without having any special training, vaccinati...

Oluwatoyin Olagunju1* and Luqman Abiodun Akinbile2

Farmers Perceptions of the Effect of Rural Transportation Systems on Farming Income in Ondo State, Nigeria
...ystems on farmers’ income in Ondo State, Nigeria. A structured interview was used in eliciting information from 120 farmers in rural communities across the two local governments in the study area using a two-stage random sampling technique. Data used for the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as chi-square and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). The study revealed that farmers perceived the quality of ...

Israr Yasin1, Ismail Qureshi1*, Shahjahn Qaimkhani1, Gulam Mustafa Solangi3, Ismail Qaimkhani1, Ismail Brohi1 and Abdul Ahad Soomro2

A Perspective on Household Dairy Farming in District Naushahro Feroze, Sindh, Pakistan
...f livestock in household income in district Naushahro Feroze of Sindh-Province Pakistan. Six hundred households were selected from 40 villages in four out of nine Talukas (administrative units) using multistage clustering method. Estimates of the study revealed that 54% of the households possessed buffaloes. Average number of buffaloes was estimated at 4.28 while 376 (63%) of the household reported cattle with average number of 4.38 heads per household. Small ...

Olugbenga Omotayo Alabi1*, Ayoola Olugbenga Oladele2 and Ibrahim Maharazu3

Profitability Analysis and Marketing Efficiency of Soyabean (Glycine max) Value Chain among Actors in Abuja, Nigeria
...e gross margin and gross income of N15,513,400 and N 16,249,000 per annum respectively. Estimated marketing margin and marketing efficiency were 20.13, and 338.66 respectively. Operating ratio (OR), rate of return on investment (RORI), and gross margin ratio (GMR) gave an observed values of 0.05, 19.74 and 0.95, respectively. The gross margin ratio (GMR) of 0.95 means that for every one (1) naira invested in marketing of soyabeans, 95 kobo covered taxes, expen...
Murtaza, Shahid Ali*, Syed Attaullah Shah, Mehran Ahmad, Irfan Ullah and Jahangir Khan
Adoption of Hybrid Maize Technology in District Mardan of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
...s having main sources of income other than agriculture were having lower probability to adopt the hybrid maize varieties. This study recommends that the government should facilitate farmers with the subsidized prices of hybrid maize technology and provide them both the informal and formal education considering it as their basic necessity and right.

...

Nadeem Abbas Shah1*, Ejaz Ashraf1, Hafiz Khurram Shurjeel2, Zaheer ud Din Mirani3, Usman Rafique1 and Raees Abbas Shah4

Assessing Perceptions of the Households-heads Regarding Food Security Status in Drought-hit Areas of District Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan: A Case Study for Agricultural Extension
...ces in the area, limited income resources, and insufficient information for food security were the main factors cause food insecurity in the study area. The results further described the strategies adopted by respondents in the study area to combat food insecurity were the construction of water storage facilities, reliance on animals’ food products, kitchen gardening, reuse of preserved food and other products, migration to food secure areas and reduced ...

Zulnorain Sajid1*, Muhammad Ramzan2 and Noreen Akhtar1

Foraging Behavior and Pollination Ecology of Bumble Bee and Honey Bee in Pakistan; A Review
...e are the main source of income for entomologist and agriculture graduates. There are several factors (habitat loss, landscape degradation, overuse of agrochemical, exotic species and pathogens) involved in the declining of pollinators, a big loss for the economy of Pakistan. The aim of this review paper was to check the importance of honey bee and bumblebee as chief pollinator of agriculture crops. This review indicates how declining factors are alarming for ...

Umar Hayat1*, Ibrar Hussin2, Aftab Alam3 and Khalid Khan4

Time Series Analysis of Child Mortality in Pakistan: An Application of Bootstrap ARDL
...es along with per capita income. This study aims to empirically test the hypotheses of Modernization Theory (MT) and the Social-Democratic Theory (SDT) related to child mortality in Pakistan. The study adopts the framework of Ferreira and Schady (2009) and Baird et al. (2011) to carry out empirical estimation via ARDL and Bootstrap ARDL. Confirming the co integration relationship, the study identifies that real GDP per capita is a significant variable responsi...

Asif Ali Abro1* and Iqbal Ahmed Panhwar2

Impact of Various Factors on Crop Diversification Towards High Value Crops in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis by using THI
...ersification. Per capita income, urbanization, and profitability of minor crops were taken as demand side factors. Per capita income, urbanization and profitability of minor crops regression coefficients showed positive and significant impact on crop diversification. The technology was determined using fertilizers, the number of tubewells, Net Area Sown (NAS) and the production of tractors in quantity. The regression coeffic...

Muhammad Yaseen1*, Muhammad Luqman1*, Zahoor Hussain2, Usman Saleem3, Asif Nawaz1, Tahir Munir Butt4 and Muhammad Umer Mehmood1

Assessment of Knowledge Level and Information Sources of Vegetable Growers regarding Tunnel Farming in District Sargodha
...re as the main source of income. Tomato, pepper, and cucumbers were the highest grown crops in the study area. Variables of site selection, land preparation, and sowing of seeds got a quite satisfactory response. Replantation of nursery and distance between plants and rows of plants were also answered quite satisfactorily. Farmers do not know how to overcome the increasing attack of insects, pests, and diseases in tunnel farming. Some areas were identified, wh...

Sajid Khan* and Shahnaz Akhtar

Effect of Farm Labor Transformation on Households Income in Central Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
...ion on households’ income in central three districts of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. Data on different aspects of farm labor transformation were collected through a well-designed and pre-tested questionnaire. Nine village councils from three districts were selected through random sampling techniques. The data were collected from 393 sample households and were analyzed by using paired sample t-test through Statistical Packages for Social Scien...
Abdul Hameed1*, Ihtsham ul Haq Padda2 and Abdul Salam3
Estimating Food Consumption Patterns in Pakistan by Using Ideal Demand System
...n consumption, price and income for food and nutrition security and social development. It also proposes that constant price of nutritious food and any rise in prices of these commodities should be supported by price subsidization or safety nets programmes for deprived groups. In addition, the state should concentrate on rural income generation activities such as agriculture, livestock and its related industries.

...

Ghulam Rabbani1, Uzma Javed1*, Javed Iqbal2, Ruqeah Mustafa3, Ghulam Shabbir2 and Fida Hassan Shah4

Barani Mash a Newly Developed Disease Resistant and High Yielding Mash Cultivar for Rainfed Areas of Punjab, Pakistan
...ase the productivity and income of mash growers in Barani tract.

...

Zohaib Ahmad Hassan1, Ghulam Sarwar1*, Noor-Us-Sabah1, Mukkram Ali Tahir1, Muhammad Aftab2, Muhammad Zeeshan Manzoor1, Usman Saleem3, Ayesha Zafar1, Imran Shehzad1, Aneela Riaz4, Khurshid Ahmad Mufti5 and Aamer Sattar2

Toxic Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on Growth and Yield of Rice
...upsetting farmer’s income and cause soil quality decline. This trial was led to appraise the toxic consequences of NaHCO3 on growth as well as rice yield parameters. Various levels of NaHCO3 or Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) were developed in the normal soil. This experiment comprised of 7 treatments that were repeated three times according to Completely Randomized Design (CRD). These treatments included; T1= Control, T2= 15 SAR, T3= 20 SAR, T4= 25 SAR, T...

Zarqa Khalid1*, Muhammad Asad ur Rehman Naseer1, Raza Ullah1 and Shahzad Khan2

Measuring the Global Trade Competitiveness of Pakistan’s Cotton Crop
...ficantly to the national income of the country. Cotton supplies raw material to the domestic textile industries and is also exported in the raw and processed form to other countries. Pakistan was a net exporter of cotton but now becomes a net importer due to its continuous domestic consumption and stagnant yield. This study aims to assess the trade competitiveness of cotton crop for the world’s 10 leading cotton exporters using revealed comparative advan...

Sanaullah1*, Abdul Basit2 and Inayat Ullah3

Challenges and Prospects of Farm Mechanization in Pakistan: A Case Study of Rural Farmers in District Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
...nts had farming as their income source and land owners were 64% with small landholding (46%). The study exposed that illiteracy of the respondents (4.10), et al system (3.98), lack of trained machinery operators (4.27), access of roads to the farm (4.45), adequate capital (4.00) and costly inputs (3.80) were some of the challenges plaguing the use of agricultural mechanization in the rural area. It was established that agricultural mechanization has significan...
Luka Anthony*, Olugbenga Omotayo Alabi, Elizabeth Samuel Ebukiba and Vandi Gamba
...duction and increase the income of the farmers. Primary data were used for this study. Data were obtained using a well-designed well-structured questionnaire. The questionnaires were administered to two hundred and seven (207) small-holder rural rice farming households. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted. Data were analyzed using Multinomial Logit Model, Gini-Coefficient, Double-Log Regression Model, (Cobb-Douglas) and Principal Component Analysis. The...
Muhammad Tariq Chaudhary1, Saleem Ashraf 2, Muhammad Yaseen3 and Muhammad Luqman3
 
 
...arming was key source of income for more than half of respondents (56.14%). Satisfaction with classroom facilities (Mean=2.47±0.67), higher grades in examination (Mean=2.39±0.77) and relevance of the coursework (Mean=2.38±0.75) learned at training institutes helped respondents to get through the recruitment process. Regression analysis affirmed that extra-curricular activities (P<0.05), being a sportsman, (P<0.01), higher grades in e...
Sana* and Abbas Ullah Jan
 
...quo;s education, monthly income and ownership of agricultural land were important negatively affecting the determinants of child involvement in agriculture.The study recommended forceful control of child labour in agriculture and ensuring their access to free education through an increasing number of government schools in rural areas. Traditional agriculture is labourintensive, provision of interest-free formal credi...
Raheel Saqib1*, Muhammad Luqman2, Saleem Ashraf3, Tahir Munir Butt4, Abdur Rehman5, Imtiaz Hussain6 and Muhammad Umer Mehmood2
 
 
... and enhancement in farm income. Directly or indirectly, family farming leads to the food security situation and uplifts people’s living quality. All the rural farm families residing in district Mansehra served as the population for the study. In order to have a representation of the entire population, female respondents from the study area were drawn randomly. A total sample size of the study was 110 respondents (rural female engaged in different farmin...
Tariq Ali Mastoi1, Zulfiqar Ali Mastoi2*, Zahoor Ahmed Khetran3, Ghulam Hussain Alizai2, Binish Baig4, Mitha Khan2 and Syed Jahangir Shah1
 
 
... basis of farmers’ income, and it has been found that 34% respondent had income of Rs.45,000 and Rs.60,000 per acre respectively. However, remaining 47.50% of the respondents had old and outdated farming techniques in practice. The mainstream 35.72% respondents obtained credits upto Rs. 40,001-50,000 and others 33.92% secured loan up to Rs.50,001-80,000. It was reported that 51.25 % respondents considered that procedur...
Umair Riaz1*, Shazia Iqbal2, Muhammad Irfan Sohail2, Tayyaba Samreen2, Muhammad Ashraf1, Fatima Akmal2, Ayesha Siddiqui3, Ijaz Ahmad4, Muhammad Naveed5, Naveed Iqbal Khan5 and Rao Masood Akhter6
...n the rural areas of low-income Asian and African countries.
...
Wahyu Widodo1,*, Imbang Dwi Rahayu2, Adi Sutanto3, Apriliana Devi Anggraini4, Harum Sahara4
Sara Safitri4 and Abubakar Yaro5,6
... a significant effect on income over feed cost and carcass weight percentage, but it had no significant effect on abdominal fat weight percentage, feed efficiency, meat dry matter content, meat organic matter, meat ash content, dry matter, and organic matter digestibility in super kampong chicken. The best treatment was curcuma by 1 % as feed additive due to the increase of carcass weight percentage by the value was 69.60 %.
...
Naveed Ali1, Umar Hayat1*, Shahid Ali1, Muhammad Imad Khan1 and Sanam Wagma Khattak2
 

...ness, human capital, and income as important control variables of agriculture value-added. To serve this purpose, this study utilizes CS-ARDL approach. The results of long-run estimates show that financial development, income, trade openness and human capital are important factors explaining agricultural productivity. Moreover, the study finds an inverted-U shaped nexus between financial development and agriculture productiv...

Muhammad Musa1*, Muhammad Riaz Gondal2, Aaqib Riaz3, Sikander Hayat2 and Iftikhar Haider1

...ur, seed yield and total income ha-1 of three berseem varieties and to enhance the production through management of harvesting at Fodder Research Institute, Sargodha, Pakistan during three rabi seasons from 2015 to 2018. The experiment was arranged in split plot design with three replications. Berseem varieties (Super Late, Agaiti Berseem, Punjab Berseem) were kept in main plots and last cutting dates (10thMarch, 20th March, 30th March, 10th April and 20th Apr...

Mahwish Munawar1, Xu Shiwei1, Yu Wen1 and Muhammad Luqman2*

... increase or decrease in income or fluctuation in an economy severely affects food consumption, even at the grass-root level. For upgrading the livelihood patterns and food security situation, a stable economy is an essential factor. Policymakers should modify food security plans according to the ever-changing needs of the population. The national poverty and food insecurity management departments of developing countries should be improved so that vulnerabilit...

Mehnaz Safdar1, Urooba Pervaiz1* and Dawood Jan2

... to farm inputs and less income generating opportunities. It is concluded that non-availability of timely technical knowledge and extension services, low family income, less access to farm inputs and inadequate income generating opportunities were the major constraints. Women farmers should be given easy and quick opportunity to open bank account, credit facilities and agriculture inputs a...

Muhammad Qaddafi Khan Wali, Arif Alam* and Ikram Shah

...b>Income, Low income, High population, remoteness, Low landholding, and firing online of control affected food security in the mountain areas. The significant but negative association of low income, low land holding, high population, remoteness, and firing online of control could lead to food insecurity. Also, there was a positive and significant association between food security and household

Ayaz Ahmed* and Muhammad Zulfiqar

...in favor of ‘NTFPs income’ and ‘employment opportunities’ for JFM sample households were 2.289, 2.501 times respectively more than non-JFM sample households. Trainings imparted by forest department significantly improved the skills, knowledge and leadership abilities of the JFM participants (human asset) as compared to non-participants but JFM did not contributed to resolve the health and educational problems of the participants. Regard...
Kai Huang1,2, Wancai Xia1,2, Yi Fu3, Yaqiong Wan4, Hao Feng2, Ali Krzton5, Jiaqi Li4,* and Dayong Li1,2,*
...als have higher grooming incomes. These results are consistent with the aggressive-submissive hypothesis and the resource control hypothesis.
...

Ghani Akbar*, Muhammad Asif and Zafar Islam

...er (74%) and larger farm income (3.47 BCR) than the traditional open-air farming method. These production benefits can be instrumental in improving livelihood and nutrition of remotely located rain-fed farmers in the country in general and Potohar region in particular. However, these findings may be valid for the site-specific conditions, thus needs to be evaluated for recommendations under the wide environmental conditions of rain-fed areas of the country.
Shoaib Khan1, Sida Hussain2, Amir Naveed1*, Nazia Wali3, Zafar Ullah1, Muhammad Arif1, Muhammad Sadiq4 and Muhammad Asif5
...ctricity problems in low-income areas by incorporating the energy mix of wind and solar. A Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator is designed for the location and simulated in Matlab. With a fixed rated speed of 100 rpm, based on the load calculation, the number of poles and slots calculated are 60 and 180 respectively. The total load demand is shared 50% between wind and solar as per the load demand of the locality. The total capacity o...

Malik Muhammad Shafi, Rabia Habib and Haidar Ali*

...tion expenditures, total income, and land size were the variables which showed significant results. Because their overall p-values indicates significant results at 5% significant value. Results of these variables revealed a positive relationship between household (farmers) savings and total income with coefficient 0.332143 and P-value 0.00*** and land size with coefficient 1823.08 and P-value 0.000*** in the study area. On o...

Dilshad Ahmad1*, Muhammad Afzal2 and Asif Ali Abro3

...ry animals and household income in district Vehari of southern Punjab, Pakistan. The study used simple random sampling approach for collecting primary data of 240 livestock household farmers and employed regression analysis model to estimate credit impact on household income and livestock production. An economic technique of log-linear regression model was applied to identify the factors influencing dairy production and esti...

Yaregal Tilahun1*, Benyam Tadesse1, Getachew Mekonnen2  and Tilahun Bekele3

...o households’ cash income in the study area. However, decreasing productivity in the sector with price volatility led to a decline in output. Due to this fact, the studies were assessing the production trend with their bottlenecks, and identify the determinant of tea productivity and inefficiency through Cobb Douglas and stochastic frontier model. Data from a primary and secondary source of information were used from 135 tea out-growers. Based on the res...

Nawab Khan1, Ram L. Ray2, Muhammad Ihtisham3*, Badar Naseem Siddiqui4*, Muhammad Khayyam5, Raheel Anjum6 and Simplice A. Asongu7

...ction, andgrower’s income.
...

Tilahun Woretaw1, Netsanet Beyero2*, Yonatan Kassu3 

...nal value, and source of income as indicated by 100, 59.4, and 44.6% of respondents, respectively. As animal feed, about 100, 80.2, 69.3, 58.4, 50.5, 42.6, 30.7, 19.8, and 5.9% of them utilized to supplement their milk cow, dry cow, heifers, calves, oxen, bull, sheep, goat, and equine, respectively. The drinking mixture of P. schimperiana in milk, and water was higher during the dry season and lowered during the wet season. The estimated biomass yields were 4....

Safdar Ali1*, Muhammad Umar1, Bashir Ahmad Khan2, Ijaz Ahmed3, Amir Manzoor1, Muhammad Saqib Riaz1, Muhammad Irfan Arif1 and Asif Nawaz1

...istan. The per unit area income of farmers is very low and the soils of this region are very poor. Mostly mono-cropping system is prevailing here. So, the pearl millet and mung bean were selected as test crops to evaluate the intercropping system in this region for the ultimate improvement of the net profitability of the farmers per unit area simultaneously not compromising with the food security and soil health. Different line spacing’s (inter and intra...

Keiven Mark B. Ampode1*, Federico C. Mendoza2 

...he total inputs, and the income generated increases as high as 30.86% of the return above feed and chick cost. In conclusion, 5% oregano powder can be incorporated without adverse effects on the production performance and cell-mediated immunity.

Keywords | Broiler chicken, Oregano powder, Lymphoid organs, Cell-mediated immunity, Feed additives 

...
Seble Mulugeta1 and Amenu Leta2*
... family size, education, income, number of livestock owned, land size holding, and training were significant to adopt technologies. The multinomial model indicated that age, family size, land size holding, Income, livestock ownership, education, and training have significant to modern and mixed energy choicesin references to traditional energy. The study suggested that continues training and education are required to enhance...

Saba Iqbal, Asmat Ullah*, Muhammad Luqman, Hafiz Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Kashif Munir and Nawal Zafar

...ising yield, sacrificing income of the farming community and evidencing sustainability in production systems. Thus, a two years field study (during 2017-18 and 2018-19) was conducted at research area of Agronomic Research Station Khanewal, Punjab, Pakistan to compare the existing traditional winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planting techniques (broadcast and drill) with the water efficient planting techniques (ridge and bed planting) to evaluate their water...

Muhammad Niamatullah1, Abdur Rehman1* and Raheel Saqib2

...uction, household annual income, poverty line, kinds of land, sources of irrigation and inputs used on land. The significant (P<0.05) impact of household annual income of farmers was observed on agriculture production. The significant (P<0.01) impact of household annual income of farmers had kept farming community above poverty line and the significant (P<0.05) relationships notic...

Palwasha1, Siraj-ud-Din1 and Muhammad Fahim2*

...each production, a major income source, is facing a serious decline over the past decade. Peach growers were mostly owners in Swat and Chitral districts whereas in grower in rest of the districts were tenants (60-75%). Highest literacy rate was observed in Swat District, (high school/matriculates 55%), while illiteracy rate was highest in district Chitral (72%). We believe that along with lack of proper education, know how about the technology and its use in p...

Naila Shahzadi1, Hafiz Muhammad Tahir1*, Shaukat Ali1, Muhammad Farooq Bhatti2, Azizullah1, Shafaat Yar Khan3, Abdul Khaliq4

...rish family manpower for income generation via indoor activities. It has potential to provide a livelihood for the poor rural families and can play a crucial role to uplift the economy of our country. Unfortunately, this industry has not been on the list of priorities of our Government. Currently, Pakistan is importing silk from other countries to meet the demand of local market. Nutritional background of larval stage (1st, 2nd and 3rd instars etc.) significan...

Ibrarul-Haq* and Malik Muhammad Shafi

... rural households’ income in district Swat, Pakistan. In addition, the factors of household’s participation in the study area were also identified. The relationship among the household’s income from of the NTFP’s collection and age of the household head, level of education, distance between the forest and home, household size, landholding size, capacity of livestock herd for individual holding (number...

Muhammad Tahir Latif1*, Muzzammil Hussain1, Ayesha Latif2, Majid Hamid Bajwa1, Iftikhar Ahmad1, Ali Zohaib1, Naeem Faisal1 and Muhammad Hamza3

...rice crop and their farm income by coping the issues like labor scarcity, less plant population, delay in transplanting with more aged nursery, improper fixation of nursery plants in the soil etc. The study results projected mechanically transplanting area (ha) for riding type MT as well as for walk after type MT respectively as 64.78 and 28 annually. Accordingly, there would be 36.15 (000 ha) mechanically transplanted area (5.41%) of province Punjab, Pakistan...
Bambang Yudi Ariadi1*, Rahayu Relawati1, Barbara Szymoniuk2 and Waris Ali Khan3
...graphy are education and income. Meanwhile, the purchase does not affect the WTP. This research contributes to marketing theory in determining the price of organic products. The practical contribution of strengthening the quality attributes of organic vegetable products by improving the packaging of organic vegetables with informative labels to increase consumer trust in organic vegetables.
...

Phassakon Nuntapanich1*, Hathaichanok Nuntapanich2 and Woraman Maicharoen3

...food security, household income, surface water supply for rice production and enhance soil nutrients for rice crop) without damaging the ecosystem’s capacity to provide the services. The marketing channel can be divided into three types are 1) travel-customer, 2) tourist-customer and 3) middlemen from many provinces to buy lots of fish from the wholesale farmer. All of these farming practices are efficient using of natural resources as the local wisdom t...
Ade Djulardi1*, Robi Amizar2, Tigor Sanjaya1
...y), feed conversion, and income over feed cost (IOFC). The analysis of variance showed that supplementation of expired milk powder in the ration had no significant effect (P>0.05) on ration consumption, daily egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and ration conversion at 20% and 18% protein levels. Based on the study results, it can be concluded that the addition of expired milk powders up to a dose of 0.50% did not affect the performance of quail aged 6-9 ...
Rubaijaniza Abigaba1,4*, Pharaoh C. Sianangama1, Progress H. Nyanga2, Edwell S. Mwaanga3, Wilson N.M. Mwenya1
...ion status (P<0.001), income status (P<0.001), land size (P<0.01), rearing experience (P<0.05), and flock size (P<0.05). The age of respondents was not associated (P>0.05) with gender. Most (55.5%) male respondents as well as the majority of females (83.4%) had low awareness. The female respondents had lower biotechnology awareness than the males (p <0.001). The male respondents had significantly more favourable attitude evaluations than t...

Asim Zubair1*, Iffat Batool2 and Ghulam Akbar Malik3

...istani, due to a lack of income and resources, farmers in the selected area were still forced to take out loans to satisfy their basic needs, and the requirement of collateral places them at the mercy of the black market. Mostly people in that rural areas were depending a lot on NGOs for their basics needs. So, the Purpose of this research was to identify the possible role of NGOs in Pakistan’s Agriculture sector. The experience of non-Governmental and c...

Oluwaseun Adetarami1*, Oluwatoyin Olagunju2, Babatunde Adebayo Oyebamiji1, Adegboyega Abel Odeyemi3 and Sina Basil Johnson4

...rm size and cocoa annual income are major determinants influencing the utilization of FBS approach. The study concluded that the utilization of FBS approach by smallholder cocoa farmers contributes substantially to the profitability of cocoa business. It is, therefore, recommended that effective general extension services should be extended to the study area to intensify the use of FBS introduced innovative skills by farmers for cocoa production. 

...

Muhammad Luqman1*, Adeel Mustafa1, Sheer Abbas2, Muhammad Yaseen1, Muhammad Umer Mehomood1 and Raheel Saqib3

...there are multiple major income sources. The respondents who had a low level of poverty and a high level of poverty were the same in the study area. Among respondents, 25% said that they don’t have easy access to the local livestock market for selling animals and their products. Moreover, according to the livestock farmers cow has proven the least productive species in the study area. There is an ignorable trend of spending on mechanized livestock manage...

Najmul Saqib* and Himayathullah Khan

...restry practices on farm income of rural households in KP. A Multiple linear regression model was used to find out the effect of area under agroforestry, number of fruit and wood trees on farm, schooling level of household head, number of farm labor and adopted agroforestry practices on farm income. It was found that the effect on annual farm income by a unit increase in area under agrofor...

Khalid Khan1*, Ahmed Farhan Saeed2, Sanam Wagma Khattak3 and Saima Liaqat4

..., managerial skills, low income, and market accessibility are the key impediments to the adoption of advanced technologies and standard practices in the poultry business in the district. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy to mention that once the farmer applies improved practices and technologies, then these factors may no longer be crucial to the farmer’s decision of adaptability of improved poultry practice and technologies. This study also revealed that t...

Masudul Haq Wani and Arshad Bhat*

...icts based on per capita income such as Srinagar and Jammu have shown low growth in urban population. The study make a sound point that in the UT the up rise in urban population was not observed in old cities like Jammu and Srinagar but the less advanced districts like Kupwara, Kargil and Leh. The study further reveals that as income rises, expenditure on fruits, milk and milk-product, meat, eggs and fish increases and expen...

Tasya Nur Karina1, Osfar Sjofjan2, Tri Eko Susilorini2, Muhammad Halim Natsir2*

...ction costs and maximize income.
 
Keywords | Date palm, Egg quality, Growth performance, Hen day production, Laying hens
...

Shahid Ali1*, Murtaza2, Waqas Ahmad1, Nargis Bibi3, Aftab Khan2 and Jahangir Khan

...us and primary source of income were found insignificant. The mean technical efficiency of the sampled farmers was estimated at 0.74, ranged between 0.52 and 0.99. The estimated production model showed the highest coefficients for labor hours and urea, it is therefore suggested that rice growers can rise their rice output by increasing labor hours and urea application during the production process. Inefficiency effects model showed a negative and significant r...

Onwusiribe Ndubuisi Chigozirim*, Okpokiri Chibuzo Ikechukwu, Agu-Aguiyi Fortune Nneka and Oteh Ogbonnaya Ukeh

...ural farmers, especially income and education are significant factors influencing their access to institutional support and adaptation to climate change. This study suggests that the government take a multi-stakeholder approach to addressing climate change, including the private sector and communities, as well as improving extension services’ capacity to educate farmers.

...

Ejaz Ul Haq, Urooba Pervaiz*, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan and Ayesha Khan

..., evaluate the yield and income of off-season vegetables and the role of extension workers in creating awareness among farming community regarding off-season vegetables. Data were collected from 60 sample respondents from three circles (Mattani, Peshawar and Tarnab) through pre-tested and well-structured interview schedule during February- March, 2020. The results showed that 48.3% farmers were motivated by extension staff towards tunnel technology, only 6.7% ...

Ghulam Akbar1*, Muhammad Anjum Zia1, Amer Jamil1 and Faiz Ahmad Joyia2

...rug of choice in all low income nations and developing countries. The mortality rate with cardiovascular diseases is 85% in less developed countries and 75% prevalence is in women. The wild and mutant strains of Streptococcus mutans were used for this trace element optimization study. There are some salts like KH2PO4, K2HPO4, NaHCO3, CaCO3, CH3COONa.3H2O and FeSO4. 7H2O have been optimized for the production of SK. The K2HPO4 has shown the highest enzymatic ac...

Muhammad Azam1*, Shaista Naz1*, Malik Muhammad Shafi2, Muhammad Jamil Afridi3 and Ahmad Waheed4

...ded family type, monthly income, and small ruminants, while tenancy and household size were found as the negative determinants of food security. The issue of food insecurity has been coped through the adoption of various strategies like borrowing money to buy food, borrowing of food from friends and relatives, reduction in food quantity demand, and consumption of less preferred food. It has been concluded that food insecurity is a global challenge being confro...

Oluwatoyin Adenike Fabiyi1*, Mariam Temitope Baker2 and Gabriel Ademola Olatunji2

...ucing yield and expected income. Principally, synthetic nematicides are employed in the management of RKNs on agricultural fields. The synthetics are confronted with a web of regulations on account of their unhealty negative effect on humans and the environment. Plant protection is primarily saddled with replacing the synthetics. A promising technique is the application of bio-pesticides. Organic fatty acid esters (FAE) are reassuring materials with nematicida...

Urooj Shakoor* and Syed Attaullah Shah

...ation, household’s income, and agricultural land ownership as negatively affecting determinants of multidimensional poverty. The incidence of poverty was high in the Northern and Southern divisions, reflecting imbalanced regional development. These findings suggest government intervention in housing and health sectors. The current ‘Naya Pakistan Housing Program (NPHP)’ is well targeted and needs to be extended to the rural areas, where poor p...

Shaista Naz1*, Muhammad Arif2 and Akhtar Ali3

...the respondent, and farm income were the positive and significant ones. Concluding, the literature shows the considerable evidence of women’s participation in livestock management but the determinants were not fully explored in the developing countries. Moreover, the time allocation studies (quantification) on the subject matter were found scarce. It is therefore recommended that more empirical research should be carried out on time allocation studies an...
Aulia Evi Susanti1*, Rudy Priyanto2, Muladno2, Dewi Apri Astuti3, Lucia Cyrilla2
...nt scenarios to increase income for sustainable business corporations with a dynamic system approach. Data were collected through interview methods to obtain data on production systems and business models, reproductive and economic parameters, and feed applications to obtain production parameters at the Field Station-School for Smallholder Community (FS-SSC) Maju Bersama, Musi Banyuasin Regency in 2021. The feed application experimental design used a factorial...

Ayaz Ahmed1*, Muhammad Zulfiqar1 and Saadutullah Khan2

...imber forest products in income enhancement of mountainous people of purposively selected two districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa namely Swat and Mansehra. From these districts six villages were selected purposively and from those villages sample size of 321 households was selected randomly. In the study areas majority (45%) of sample households had 5 to 10 family members which indicated joint family system. Literacy status in study areas was very low (30%). Sayed...

SAIMA SHARIF*1, SHAGUFTA NAZ1, RIDA IRAM1, FARKHANDA MANZOOR1, TASNIM FARASAT1 and MUHAMMAD SAQIB2

...cation, child‟s family income etc. Their blood samples were collected and analyzed to find out the level of Haemoglobin, RBC‟s, WBC‟s, platelets, MCV, MCH and haematocrit specifically. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS (version 13). Among the 500 subjects, according to haemoglobin level 130 subjects (26%) were normal whereas 370 (74%) were anaemic. It was found that 120 (24%) were mild anaemic, 151 subjects (30%) were moderate anaemic, and 99 s...

Siti Azizah1*, Salsa I Latifah1, Irfan H Djunaidi1, Anif M Wati1, Achadiah Rachmawati1, Siti Hamidah2 

...ibution of women’s income to beef cattle farmers in Karangtekok, Baluran National Park, Situbondo, East Java. The scope of this research is limited to women registered as residents of Karangtekok and involved in the management or raising activities of beef cattle with the adegen scheme. Karangtekok Hamlet, Situbondo, Indonesia, was deliberately chosen as the research site, considering the sociocultural characteristics representing a household-s...

Abdul Hassan1*, Arshad Farooq1, Muhammad Ishaq2, Ghulam Sadiq2 and Asif Nawaz3

... off-farm employment for income generation and reducing hiring of labor for farm activities while financial strategy was related to sale of perennial crops and sale of livestock. The study suggested for sustainable smallholder agricultural development programs along with farmers’ facilitation by giving interest free loan and digitalization to update timely information regarding weather and markets for improving rural livelihood.

...

Muhammad Mukhtar1*, Lely Ummi Wakhidah2,Mohammad Zubair Hippy3 

...cattle in increasing the income of livestock farmers is the livestock business actor himself with an interest weight of 0.399. In conclusion, taking into account aspects of supporting strategies, namely improving livestock technology and reporting systems, improving animal disease management and feed quality, facilitating business licensing, and strengthening legal regulations on livestock. 

...

Rogia SA Gomez*, Said H Mbaga 

...nce, contributing to the income and nutrition of the population. However, for small to medium-scale producers the profitability has been hampered by high incidences of diseases and costs associated with their control. This study aimed to assess the biosecurity practices adopted by broiler farmers in the Pwani region, Tanzania. A structured questionnaire was administered to 78 broiler farmers complemented with on-site observations. Data collected were related ...

Budi Guntoro1*, Agung Triatmojo1, Bambang Ariyadi2, Nguyen Hoang Qui1 

...mer at the farm with low income from cattle production (less than 100$). Farmers had more than 8 years of education and raised their cattle under breeding system (68.55%). Besides, most farmers had a good knowledge of Anthrax and FMD. The risks analysis was performed by the great knowledge of farmers (65.7% and 77.9% respondents) to Anthrax and FMD and the dissemination of knowledge for FMD as well as a positive attitude for both Anthrax and FMD. However, the ...

Abdul Zahir1*, Asad Ullah1, Muhammad Jawad1 and Syed Attaullah Shah2

... moderate monthly family incomes (PRS 21000–50000). However, the respondents had the least information regarding revision of water distribution schedule, mutation of irrigation water, and share of irrigation water during stressful times, which decreased their satisfaction with irrigation water distribution. Findings and recommendations of this study will be helpful for the irrigation department (KP) to create awareness among the farmers regarding irrigat...

Afifatul H.A. Adilah1, Junun Sartohadi2* and Suci Handayani1

...mmunity to contribute to income improvement at the volcanic slopes in Java Island, Indonesia. Coconut and Mahogany plants have been cultivated as intercrops in most dry-land agricultural fields by many people for different purposes of income generation. The differences in canopy characteristics between the two plants significantly affect the production of runoff. Field evidence is needed to support it as a suitable plant for...

Nasratullah Baloch1, Naeem Tariq Narejo2, Hamida Narejo3, Muhammad Farooq Hassan4, Ghulam Abbas5, Shahnaz Rashid5, Muhammad Hanif Chandio6, Faheem Saddar7 and Majida Parveen Narejo8

...rease food resources and income generation of the local people.

...

Amistu KU1,2*, Monahan FJ2, Wims P2, Yonatan KY1 , Fahey AG2, Takele TA3 

... activity as a source of income. The major feed resources for beef cattle fattening during the dry season are Desho grass (30.7%), hay (15.0%), and crop residues (14.7%) as basal diets, whereas for the rainy season fatteners almost fully depend on natural pasture (97.7%). However, fatteners use corn/fresh maize (87.7%), coffee leaf boiled together with water (44.4%), haricot bean (40.5%), cassava root (28.8%), mixed concentrates (21.6%), enset root (14.7%), an...
Sami Ullah1, Choudary Ihtasham Ali1, Umar Ijaz Ahmed1*, Shoaib Nasir1 and Amjad Masood2
...cation, family size, and income significantly influence the preference for oil over vanaspati ghee. At the same time, the taste has a negative and significant influence on the choice of vegetable oil. The estimates indicate that the highest income group in the data prefers edible oil more than the lowest income group. As vegetable oil is costly as compared to ghee, consuming healthier food...

Kusuma Adhianto*, Mika Tania Sidabutar, Liman, Arif Qisthon 

...on, feed conversion, and income over feed cost (IOFC). The results indicated that there were no significant differences in feed consumption (P0:7.38 ± 1.26 kg; P1:7.32±1.47 kg; P2: 7.26 ± 2.10 kg), body weight gain (P0: 0.85 ± 0.16 kg; P1:0.97±0.13 kg; P2: 0.90 ± 0.23 kg) and feed conversion (P0: 8.79 ± 1.62; P1:7.56±1.22; P2: 8.04 ± 0.35) among the treatments P0, P1, and P2, respectively; however ...

Lawrence Olusola Oparinde1*, Adewale Isaac Olutumise2,3 and Ademola Adegoroye

...gy adoption and level of income inequality across genders have not been given adequate attention in the literature. Hence, this study examined the effect of agroforestry technology adoption on income inequality among the gender of arable crop farmers in Southwest, Nigeria. A multistage selection process was employed to pick 450 arable crop farmers. The collected data were analyzed with the use of descriptive statistics, prob...

Moazzam Baig*, Sohaib Ahmed and Arz Muhammad Umrani

... population has very low income along with the other associated variables. In this context, we developed a well structure questionnaire and collect primary data from it and through descriptive analysis while collecting data from core area. Despite the fact that many individuals go to urban places to work, such as Dubai and the Arab Emirate. Further, statistics and reports show that the government has made a little advancement in the area’s growth in a fe...

Tevina Edwin, Arfa’i*, Olivio Dickresna

...the husbandry system and income of beef cattle enterprises located in Luak Sub-district, Lima Puluh Kota District, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. We used a total of ninetyseven farmers who agreed to participate in the study. We used survey methodology. Data were collected using questionnaires and interviews. respondents in this study were 97 breeders. The cattle kept were generally Peranakan simental (F1-F4), Pesisir cattle, Bali cattle, and Peranakan Ongol...

Zurmiati1*, Ade Trisna2, Ridho Kurniawan Rusli1, Yelsi Listiana Dewi3, Ulvi Fitri Handayani4, Wizna1 

...lage communities to earn income. However, the high feed conversion of duck is an obstacle in the intensive development of duck farming because 70% of poultry production costs come from feed costs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0059 administration as a probiotic on growing male Bayang duck performance. A randomized design was used in this study. The probiotic Bacillus subtilis FNCC 0059 was included in drinkin...
Asad Ullah1, Hayat Ullah2, Muhammad Lateef3, Imrana Niaz Sultan4, Afrasiab Khan Tareen4 and Muhammad Waseem Khan4,5*
...ecting population of low-income countries. Early detection of disease coupled with other parameters help in treatment and reducing disease transmission. The current study was conducted to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Cepheid Sunnyvale, CA, United States) in comparison to conventional techniques used for the diagnosis of TB. Our study is one of the first ones from Pakistan investigating and assessing the performance of GeneXp...

Muhammad Usman1*, Muhammad Uzair Khalid2, Muhammad Hasnain3*, Muhammad Tauseef4, Ali Raza4, Muhammad Akram4, Muhammad Shahid4, Abrar Ahmad4, Muhammad Shoaib Ismail1, Rabia Afzal2, Atta-Ulla2 and Muhammad Hussnain Babar3

...farmers to enhance their income.

...

Wali Muhammad Mangrio1*, Hakim Ali Sahito1, Faheem Ahmed Jatoi1 and Fahmeeda Imdad Sahito2

...esticide module with net income followed by Mehrabpur, (213366/ha), (1.54), (186080/ha), (2.54), Bhiria, (194077/ha), (1.32), (176972/ha), (2.40), Naushahro Feroze, (164287/ha), (1.17), (135057/ha), (1.60), and Moro (134452/ha), (0.99), (99789/ha), (1.21), respectively. In this region, citriuculture is the trademark industry and Citrus limon fruits are regarded as table fruit, rich content of vitamin “C” appreciated due to delicious taste with high...

Eluzia A. Barus*, Khansa N. Salsabilah, Achmad Firman, Linda Herlina

...ease the business’ income. This research was conducted using the survey method at Camara Farm, Cigendel Village, Pamulihan District, Sumedang Regency, in October 2023. Data collection consisted of primary and secondary data obtained using the interview method. Based on the research results, Camara Farm’s average total production cost per period for a year was Rp. 2,342,573,664. The average revenue per production period was Rp. 2,429,151,070, so the...

Rogia SA Gomez*, Said H Mbaga 

...roduction costs and farm incomes. From this data, eight variables were selected and subjected to a principal component analysis (PCA), enabling three groups of farmers to be distinguished. The productivity of each group was assessed based on the economic information collected from the farmers. Overall, the results showed that the number of birds per flock was less than 1000 on farms ranging in size from 81.2 to 206.3m2. Farmers used more family labour (89.7%) ...

Addisu Jimma1,2*, Aberra Melesse1, Aynalem Haile3, Tesfaye Getachew3  

...s reported higher annual income from sheep-related activities. This income played a crucial role in supporting farmers’ livelihoods, contributing to house maintenance and providing food for households. In conclusion, the study highlights the positive influence of the Doyogena CBBP on farmers’ livelihoods, thus suggesting the need to scale up the program to benefit a broader community.
 

...

Hilarius Yosef Sikone1*, Gomera Bouk2, Edelnia Kristina Bere2, Yohana Kamlasi2, Elisabeth Yulia Nugraha1

...ations and assess farmer income levels across various rearing system typologies. The study was carried out in the North Central Timor Regency, province of East Nusa Tenggara, in the sub-districts of West Miomaffo, Central Miomaffo, Insana, North Insana, Biboki Moenle’u, and Biboki Anle’u between April 2023 to October 2023. 285 Balinese cattle, including 82 calves, 105 weaned beef cattle, and 98 heifers. This research used mixed methods to obtain qu...

Migie Handayani1*, Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto2, Jamhari Jamhari2

...>This study analyzes the income and the factors influencing Etawah crossbreed goat farming in Purworejo, Central Java, Indonesia. The study employed a survey method. The study purposely selected three sub-districts in the Purworejo District as the study sites. A quota sampling method was applied to select 90 respondents in each sub-district, resulting in 270 respondents. Data and information in the study were measured on an annual basis. Data were analyzed usi...
Manahil Wahab1 and Anwar Ali2
...p is much below than the income from sale of trees on farmlands. Thus, farm forestry is a very profitable activity that has multiple benefits including source of cash income. The study recommends to diversify tree species and include more species particularly nitrogen fixing native species such as Kikar, Shisham and Siris in the farmland plantations. There is also need to educate farmers on optimum spacing for plantations of...
Syed Farooq Shah1, Nowsherwan Zarif1*, Zahid Rauf1, Anwar Ali1, Ghayyas Ahmed1, Basheer Ahmed1, Salman Ahmad1 and Saifullah1
... products, supplementary income, etc. Agroforestry systems' potential to provide farms with environmental services protecting soil erosion, bioenergy, the effects of trees in agricultural landscapes on carbon sequestration, sustainable land management techniques, pest control by natural enemies, and the global habitat for biological variety are all important. According to the study, cultivators in the country should be knowledgeable about the potential benefit...
Afra Siab1, Saif Ullah Khan1, Anwar Ali1, Nowsherwan Zarif1, Basheer Ahmad1, Salman Ahmad1
...vide shade, and generate income. The study was conducted in District Bannu. For the comprehensive study of agroforestry both primary and secondary data were obtained. Major portion of secondary data was obtained from Census Report (2017) of district Bannu. Primary data were collected by a well-designed questionnaire, which was developed by keeping in view of the purpose of study. For this purpose, both close-ended and open-ended questions were prepared and key...
Muhammad Rayyan1, Basheer Ahmad1, Anwar Ali1, Nowsherwan Zarif1*, Saif Ullah1 Khan and Salman Ahmad1
...f energy used, and total income, significantly impacted the planting of trees on agricultural land. For the promotion of national agroforestry, policies that improve forestry and agricultural extension services and agricultural education are imperative.
Keywords: Agroforestry, Farmers, Fuel wood, Household
...
Khush Bakht Arooj1, Muhammad Salman2 and Naveed Ahmed3
...nefits, gaining jobs and income, pollination of plants to increase crop yield, maintains biodiversity and to protect the environment. The current status of apiculture in district Bannu is evaluated in the study as it is also a famous area for honey production in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In this study the primary data was collected through well-designed questionnaire and the study was carried out in different villages of Tehsil and District Bannu. A general survey w...
Kaleem Mehmood1, Sultan Muhammad2 and Altaf Hussain3
...s 12.5%. Major source of income in the area is farming. The plantation in the study area increases fodder production to fold for livestock for fulfilling their daily needs. Firewood is the main source of fuel. Average fire wood consumption per day per household is procured from these plantations. The trend of more firewood use is also observed after plantation. Some portion of population also obtain low quality timber from these plantations such as small balli...
Mohsen Dehghani
...es. Hence, the household incomes rely considerably on these habitats product, while economic evaluation of the harvested fodder reaches $124686 annually. Recognizing the importance of mangrove forests and their role, protection of this resource must be considered seriously.

Key words: Economic Value, Use Value, Coastal Ecosystems, Mangrove Forests, Hara Protected Area

...
Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Anwar Panezai and Ashif Sajjad
...ople are having very low income. Sherani District is mainly rural area i.e. Poverty is prevalent on larger scale. Although many people have migrated and are working in urban areas like moving toward Dubai and Arab Emirate for their livelihood. In the light of different observations it is crystal clear that Government with very low resources has not done any progress in the development of the District. They have no specified policy for the conservation of Shera...
Muhammad Tahir Laeeq and Maqbool Hassan
... Mazri to increase their income. Majority of population collects Mazri from their own, private and shamilat lands and not from land under control of Forest Department. There is no proper market mechanism, 86% of raw material is supplied in the market by the contractors. A Mazri plant can produce leaves for fifty years at an average yield of 10 kg per annum, but due to over exploitation, Mazri forests are decreasing at an alarming rate. About 66% of population ...
Muhammad Shabir Mughal and Abid Hussain
...00 (50% respondents) and income also varied from Rs.150,000 to 160,000 / acre / rotation (41.7% respondents) and more than Rs.170,000 (58.3% respondents). Respondent farmers (66.8%) informed that Hurrie is being raised for fuel wood production, 16.6% reported for forage, fodder and minor timber production and 16.6% respondents reported for timber (packing and casing wood industry). According to ecological requirement of Babul, respondents and personal experien...
Anwar Ali, Ayaz Khan and Hakim Shah
...hich will diversify farm income, reduce land degradation, improve agro-biodiversity and enhance carbon stocks in the farming systems. This can be achieved by strengthening research and extension services in the agroforestry sector, providing incentives to farmers to grow trees on their farmlands and developing their capacities to produce quality planting stock at local level and manage farm plantations....
Muhammad Shabir Mughal and Muhammad Muslim
...> (Retha) etc to augment income of inhabitants as well as conservation of genetic diversity for future prosperity. Jandi-Chontra to Baghsar locality of Tehsil Samani rich in herbal drugs and the main forest crop of this area was Chir (Pinus roxburghii) with other associated species. The information gathered will provide guideline in preparing future forest management plan....
Muhammad Yousaf Khan, Ayaz Khan and Syed Zakir Hussain Shah
Muhammad Shabir Mughal and Muhammad Muslim
...ing market potential and income generation activities for rural communities. The area falls under scrub forests and subtropical Chir pine forests. Inhabitants are holding small land and cultivating maize and millet crops. In Mirpur district visited Jaricus, Subchack, Nagi playan, Khari-sharif and Chachian-Chohan (grave yard) near Khari-sharif. These areas were dominated by Prosopis juliflora, and scattered plants of Zizyphus mauritiana, Acacia niloti...
Muhammad Shabir Mughal, Asif Raza Wazir and Ch. Muhammad Muslim
... were the main source of income of the inhabitants. A number of medicinal plants like Berberis lycium, Thymus serpylum, Salvia sp., Solanum suratense were also found in the area. The data reveals that due to ever-increasing human and livestock population, the area is under heavy biotic pressure resulted deforestation and soil degradation. Recommendation for the improvement of vegetation in the area was made of soil, unemployment and poor lively h...
Amjad Ali Ch., Javaid Ahsan, Tariq Mehmood, Shahzad Fazal, Punjab Forestry Research Institute, Faisalabad and Nowsherwan Zarif
... people. Major source of income was from livestock rearing. For grazing purpose, the dependence of people on vegetation of Govt./state owned Rakhs varied from 74-99.9 percent. More than 52 percent forage requirements of livestock of all respondents remained unmet after grazing. Grazing problems faced by the majority of graziers were low carrying capacity of Rakhs, lack of drinking water and protection measures forced by the Forest Department. The major constra...
Kanwar Muhammad Suleman, Ghulam Mustafa Nasir and Tanvir Ahmad Qureshi
...d lands and increase the income of farmers through the sales of wood and raising the livestock....
Asad Ullah, Abdur Rashid and Sher Aman
...campaign and alternative income resources should be encouraged for eliminating the poverty, improving the livelihood and ensure the sustainable utilization of the Plant Natural Resources.

Keywords: Trees, Livelihood, Gabral valley, Swat Kohistan.

...
Klaus Euler and Zulfiqar Ali Qazi
...n forests as a source of income, improved livestock health could be one way to do so. Based on a recent survey, the local people loose a staggering amount of 42 million rupees each year because of the livestock casualties caused by various diseases. In 2003, about 10% of the livestock was vaccinated. This came to a net saving of about 4.2 million rupees. While comparing it to the net income of Rs.730,000 - that the people of...
Shams-ur-Rehman, Altaf Hussain and Riaz A. Khattak
... bare minimum annual net income of US$ 80 to 90 per acre could be obtained if a 5-6 year old plantation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Source No. 15441) is sold to a nearby pulp mill. Simultaneously, growing nitrogen fixing tree species on these problematic sites in the region would not only improve fertility level but could also reduce the problem of fodder and fuel wood to certain extent.

Key words: poverty reduction, salinity, choice of species.

Bashir Ahmad Wani, Shakeel Haider Zaidi, Muhammad Shabir Mughal and Hakim Shah
...be a source of sustained income to the inhabitants of hilly areas, traders, hakims, pharmaceutical and allied industries. The survey brought forth some important facts and figures about floristic composition, status of medicinal and economic plants. At present exploitation of this renewable natural resource is not carried out on scientific lines and thus this resource is not fully utilized. Suggestions have been made for better utilization and the strategy to ...
Abdul Qayyum Khan, Bashir Ahmad Wani, Hakim Shah and S. Irfanullah
...on of a household annual income ranging between 29% and 47% is spent on fuel for cooking, heating and lighting only. On the average, household in the watershed spends Rs.721 monthly on fire wood procurement Women play a key role in energy resources control and utilization. With the exception of blacksmiths and food caterers, the cottage industries have no additional impact on energy consumption other than the normal household fuel consumption....
Ahmed Zamir, Muhammad Waqas Khan, Muhammad Waqas Khan, Waseem Ullah and Rizwan Ullah
... 40%, 30% role in shade, income and other environmental benefits respectively. It was observed that educated farmers favored tree farming as compared to the less educated one. Further farmers listed many problems when questioned about the constraints in planting trees on farmlands. Lack of availability of growing stock, lack of land for planting trees and problems regarding marketing was raised by 30%, 10% and 25% of the farmers. Results clearly depict that fa...
Babar Sohail and Kanwar Muhammad Suleman
...0 percent) who have high income saving, alternate profession and large landholdings are still willing to grow more Eucalyptus on their farmland. Farmers perception was fairly positive about the climatic changes in the area due to Eucalyptus planting i.e., reduction in wind velocity and storms (74% farmers), increase in rain (20% farmers), decrease in temperature (14% farmers) and increase in humidity (61% farmers) and lowering water table by about 15-20 ft (73...
Umeed Khalid, Abdul Ghafoor and Naeem Ashraf Raja
...ant source of local cash income. The Himalayan Jungle Project aims to conserve these forests and their wildlife by developing with the local communities alternative, sustainable sources of income.

The Himalayan Musk Deer Moschus chrysogaster is listed as a threatened species in IUCN Red Data Book and is regarded as a priority or key species for conservation in Palas. ...

Muhammad Hafeez and Wahid Rasheed
... of six months. Where as income from trees was Rs. 1071/- hence net profit was Rs. 712/- per hectare....
K. M. Siddiqui
...depend upon yields and income from land and livestock. People from many households are landless and work as land or migratory labour in other parts of the country and in foreign countries to manage subsistence level living. Land holdings are small and mostly without irrigation facilities....
Shakeel Haider Zaidi and Anwar Ahmad Khan
...pplementing the farmer's income even on marginal lands....
Fazal Said Khan
... generate US$ 2 million income and contribute to the economic up lift of the area. The study also showed significant differences of tree growing among owner ship categories at tehsil as well as district level....
Malik Muhammad Khan and David R. Betters
...all farm production and income. Applying the economic analyses approach discussed here coupled with sound policy and extension activities should help promote the acceptance of agroforestry....
M. I. Sultani, Zafaruddin and Ghulam Akbar
...of silk yarn. The actual income obtained from this industry not only depends on the quality of good silk seed but also on the quality and quantity of mulberry leaves obtained per unit area. All managed plantation of one hectare dwarf mulberry can yield enough leaves to provide 750 kg of green silk cocoons or 93 kg raw silk (Zafarud Din et al., 1983). Dwarf multicut varieties of mulberry with plant height less than 10 feet are generally cultivated for se...
M.I. Sheikh, R. W. Hussain and Saliheen Khan
...population. Mean monthly income per sample household comes to Rs.2610/- and Rs.3390 for rural and urban areas respectively. Number of persons using one room has been estimated 4.03 and 3.62 in rural and urban areas. Number of rooms per sample household are 4 in rural and 3 in urban areas. Mean wood consumption in constructing one household comes to 6.11 m3 and 1.8 m3 for both dwelling areas. Consequently per capita wood consumption works ...
Mohammad Shariq Khan, Altaf Ahmad and Anwar Ahmad Khan
...M. is the main source of income of the Forest Department of Baluchistan. The plant is being used in medicine from very ancient times and its curing properties are because of the presence of an alkaloid ephedrine (C10 H15 N0). Ephedra plants are a good remedy for curing bronchial asthma, cold, cough, urticaria, renal colic, itching, typhoid, hey fever and body pains. It can also be used as a tanning material for curing goats and...
Shakeel Haider Zaidi and Anwar Ahmad Khan
... give more yield and net income to the farmer as compared to cumulative yield and net income obtained from crops harvested every year. Haripur and Changa Manga strains are equally high yielding and appear to be suitable for cultivation in Peshawar area....

Muhammad Ikram Ullah Malik1*, Aamir Saleem1, Lubna Ansari1 and Arshad Mahmood Malik2

...tility and production of income for the household. 2 kanals were used for the growth of agricultural crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum), to meet the basic needs of the local communities. The wheat was sown by broadcasting of seed. 2 kanals were used to grow the fodder crop such as Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum). 1 kanal was used for livestock and poultry, to generate income through dairy and poultry products. The resu...

Farhatul-Ain Arshad1, Asia Bibi1*, Amna Mushtaq1, Rubaida Mehmood2 and Nahid Kausar1

...ical area, diet, monthly income, smoking status, education, medication, infertilitycomplications and family history in obese and non-obese cases compared to controls. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in BMI, lipid profile (serum level of HDL, LDL, CHOL/HDL, HDL/LDL and LDL/HDL ratios) and endocrine profile (estradiol and insulin levels) between obese cases and obese controls. We have also observed a significantly lowerserum HDL, estradiol,&...

Gautam Kumar Deb1*, Md Faizul Hossain Miraz1, SM Jahangir Hossain1, Shahrina Akter1, Md. Ahsanul Kabir1, Md Ruhul Amin2, Md Panir Choudhury1, Nure Hasni Desha1

...s. Horses are reared for income generation (77.3%) and farmers prefer stallions (43.65%) over geldings for rearing. A semi-intensive rearing system is identified where farmers provide a combination of roughage and concentrate feed. Bloat, diarrhea, colds, fevers and skin diseases are common among others. Mares experience first heat at 24.02±2.61 months and conceive at 27.09±3.64 months. Foaling length, gestation interval and estrous length were r...

Kashif Haleem, Basheer Ahmad, Muhammad Rayyan, Nowsherwan Zarif, Saif Ullah Khan, Salman Ahmad and Anwar Ali*

... for planting trees were income (67.5%) and timber (31.25%), with firewood being a minor reason (1.25%). A significant majority (78.75%) of respondents grow trees on their farmland to sell them and support their families, while 21.25% use the trees for personal purposes. Most respondents (61.25%) use LPG for cooking and heating due to its availability, while 32.5% also use firewood, and 6.25% use crop residues along with firewood. Of the 80 respondents, 63.75%...

Efi Rokana1, Iin Rohmatul Fatimah1, Brilian Desca Dianingtyas1, Niswatin Hasanah2, Wulandari3, Zein Ahmad Baihaqi1,3* 

...in, feed efficiency, and income over feed cost (IOFC). Results indicated that feeding with different types of forage did not significantly impact dry matter intake (P>0.05) but significantly affected body weight gain, feed conversion, feed efficiency (P<0.05), and IOFC (P<0.01). The ration formula containing corn plants (T2) emerged as the optimal treatment, exhibiting average values for body weight gain, feed conversion, feed efficiency, and IOFC of ...

Muhammad Jamal Nasir*, Anwar Saeed Khan, Atiq Ur Rahman, Waqar Akhtar and Hafizullah Khan

...am construction. The net income is almost doubled after the dam construction. Thus, this increase in net income is reflected in the socio-economic condition of both villages. Moreover, the area showed the growth of private schools. Also, people are availing the private medical facilities. Furthermore, the proportion of Pacca houses also increased after the dam construction.

...

Elly Roza, Yulia Yellita, Hilda Susanty, Rizqan 

... increase farmers’ income. This study used an experimental method with a Latin Square Design (LSD), using four female Murrah buffaloes as research samples with the following feed treatments: P1 = basal forage + concentrate, P2 = P1 + cassava leaves (2 kg), P3 = P1 + sweet potato leaves (2 kg), P4 = P1 + Moringa leaves (2 kg). Parameters observed in this study were milk production, milk protein, milk fat, milk lactose, and Solid Nonfat. The results obtain...

Gunel Arzuman Ramazanova1, Gulnara Fakhreddin Abbasova2*, Khalsa Ibrahim Nasibova3 and Sait Engindeniz4

... varieties. In addition, income losses caused by yield losses were also analysed. According to results of the study, the highest yield loss rate in 2022 and 2023 occurred in the Umid variety (69.55% and 78.03%). The average yield loss of three varieties in 2022 was calculated as 43.19%, and the average yield loss of three varieties in 2023 was calculated as 60.08%. The average income loss was 64.07% in 2022 and 90.99% in 202...
Supardi Rusdiana1, Tatan Kostaman1*, Priyono Priyono2, Diana Andrianita Kusumaningrum1, Lisa Praharani1, Yeni Widiawati1, Agustin Herliatika1, Nurul Pratiwi1, Nurul Azizah1, Paul Ade Iji3
...tivity, decreased farmer incomes, and impeded sustainability of broiler farming. Strategies to mitigate these adverse effects include strengthening supply chain resilience, market regulation, market diversification, multi-stakeholder partnerships strengthening, and digital transformation. Our review offers valuable insights into the challenges faced by the broiler industry during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, this review proposes feasible solutions for a...

Noor Nemia Hafed 

...en seen to spread in low-income countries where the majority of children are malnourished and vitamin B12 is required to create red blood cells and participate in the synthesis of RNA that is deficient. 

...

Mohammed Nasir Uddin1, Maimona Monir Jhilam1, Most Zannatun Nahar Mukta1, Zujaja Wahaj2, Mohammad Maruf Hasan1* and Samiha Khan3

...education, annual family income, organizational participation, and media contact were identified as the influential factors affecting the livelihood change of the wetland farmers and these factors accounted for 65.8% of the observed variation in the study’s focal issue. In terms of problems problems faced during the implementation of the crop interventions, 53% of the respondents reported facing medium-level problems. The most prominent problem reported ...

Noor Nemia Hafed 

...en seen to spread in low-income countries where the majority of children are malnourished and vitamin B12 is required to create red blood cells and participate in the synthesis of RNA that is deficient. 

...

Muhammad Luqman1,*, Aqsa Ashraf 1, Muhammad Yaseen1, Muhammad Umer Mehmood1, Anwar Saeed2 and Rizwan Ahmad3

...g filled in as a primary income source, farmers often took part in non-ranch exercises for supplemental income. Fluctuated landholding sizes were noticed, and the most sought-after information regions were “Selection of varieties” and “Improved cultivation practices.” Strikingly, vocal formats were leaned toward for getting agricultural-related information. Findings distinguished a few constraints in ...

1Md. Faruq Hasan, 2Nazmunnahar Kolpona, 3*Atia Shahin, 3Md. Rayhan Sojib and 3Susmita Sarmin

...ation, farm size, annual income, and mass media contact, respectively. Thus, to enhance farmer engagement and trust in government extension services, policy formulation should be aimed at proactive and collaborative communication, emphasising tailored solutions, building a strong extension network, maintaining transparency, arranging digital platforms, targeted awareness campaigns, and practical training.

...

Sarhad Journal of Agriculture

September

Vol.40, Iss. 3, Pages 680-1101

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