Research Article

Performance Evaluation of Different Insecticides against Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on Jasminum sambac

Iftikhar Ahmad1, Tahir Saeed1, Umair Faheem2*, Qaisar Abbas2, Muhammad Saleem Akhtar Khan3, Mussurrat Hussain2, Tanveer Ahmad4, Gulzar Akhtar4, Asifa Hameed5, Muhammad Hasnain6 and Muhammad Jamil7

1Horticultural Research Sub-Station for Floriculture and Landscaping, Multan, Pakistan; 2Entomological Research Sub-Station, Multan, Pakistan; 3Directorate of Floriculture Training and Research, Lahore, Pakistan; 4Department of Horticulture, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan; 5Mango Research Institute, Multan, Pakistan; 6Cotton Research Station, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 7Cotton Research Station, Vehari, Pakistan.

Received | May 31, 2023; Accepted | October 16, 2023; Published | November 10, 2023

*Correspondence | Umair Faheem, Entomological Research Sub-Station, Multan, Pakistan; Email: umair4548952@gmail.com

Citation | Ahmad, I., T. Saeed, U. Faheem, Q. Abbas, M.S.A. Khan, M. Hussain, T. Ahmad, G. Akhtar, A. Hameed, M. Hasnain and M. Jamil. 2023. Performance evaluation of different insecticides against thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on Jasminum sambac. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 39(4): 861-867.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2023/39.4.861.867

Keywords | Jasminum sambac, Insecticides, Western flower thrips, Efficacy, Dose

Copyright: 2023 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

Jasmine (Jasminum sambac L.) belongs to an important group of plants and it is commercially grown in different countries of the world. The jasmine belongs to family “Oleaceae” and the Genus Jasminum consists of about 200 species (Taj and Naik, 2013), which are distributed in the slightly hot areas of Europe, Asia, Africa and the Pacific region (Bhattacharjee, 1980).

Different species of jasmine are cultivated in Pakistan for the production of loose flower. J. sambac is also used for the production of essential oil in perfume industry and its oil is used in cosmetic and medicinal industry. Flowers of jasmine are used for flavoring purpose in China. Jasmine flowers are widely used in the preparation of garland, making bouquet and hair adornment on different social and religious occasions (Gao et al., 2011).

Jasmine plant is attacked by 50 insect pest species having a place within excess of eight orders harboring fluctuated microhabitats (Hemalatha, 2009).

The yield of jasmine is reduced by numerous factors but the attack of insect pests cause major and main hindrance in the quality production of jasmine flowers. The major insect pests damaging jasmine are jasmine bud worm (Hendecasis duplifascialus Hampson), leaf webworm (Nausinea geometralis Guenee), gallery worm (Elasmopalpus jasminophagus Hampson), leaf roller, blossom midge (Contarinia maculipennis Felt), (Glyphodes nionalis Hubner), and western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande).

Western flower thrips is a most destructive pest of floricultural plants found globally (Mouden et al., 2017). Western flower thrips attacks on more than 250 species of plants with 60 numerous families (Tommasini and Maini, 1995). Thrips causes damage by two ways either direct or indirect way (Harrewijn et al., 1996; Pappu et al., 2009). Both adults and young one feed directly on plants by inserting their mouth-parts (Harrewijn et al., 1996; Hunter and Ullman, 1989). Symptoms of direct damage is related with vegetative and reproductive part of with silvering appearance (Childers, 1997; Cloyd, 2009). In case of indirect damage, adult act as vector for transmission of viral diseases e.g., the tospo viruses, Tomato spotted wilt virus and Impatiens necrotic spot virus (Daughtrey et al., 1997; Kirk, 2002; Pappu et al., 2009). Due to both kind of damages including direct and indirect reduce the production ornamental plants which lead to apparent economic loss (Goldbach and Peters, 1994; Reitz and Funderburk, 2012).

Western flower thrips damage is usually controlled effectively by the use of different broad-spectrum insecticides on ornamental and horticultural crops because they have less resistant against thrips (Cloyd, 2009; Mouden et al., 2017; Reitz and Funderburk, 2012). It has been recorded that the insecticide application plays a vital role in controlling the western flower thrips on Jasminum sambac.

The damage of thrips is vulnerable to ornamental as well as agricultural crops. Western flower thrips sucks the cell sap of different body parts of plants and deteriorates the shape of plants and nymphs feed by piercing plant tissues with their needle-shaped mandible and consumes the contents of damaged tissues (Kirk, 1997). The quality and marketing of horticultural crops is affected by the feeding of thrips on plant tissues (Childers, 1997). Thrips commonly feeds the gladiolus (Milevoj et al., 2008). Different vegetative and floral parts of gladioli are attacked by the thrips. Application of chemical insecticides provides effective control of insect pest in short period of time. During a study Confidor was observed to be the most deleterious against thrips and the minimum efficacy was documented in situation of Actara (Ullah et al., 2010). Confidor and Mospilan found to be the best insecticides for thrips (Aslam et al., 2004). Shivanna et al. (2011) testified that Dimethoate was best on thrips after three days of application. Uddin et al. (2019) proved that Thiodan is best followed by Curacron and Mospilan. The present studies were conducted with the objective to compare the efficacy of various insecticides available in market in order to control thrips population on Jasminum sambac.

Materials and Methods

Insecticidal trial

Field study was carried out during April, 2021 and 2022 at Horticultural Research Sub-station for Floriculture and Landscaping, Multan to determine the efficacy of six insecticides against population of thrips. The experiment was laid out under Randomized Complete Block design with three replications. Average population of thrips was taken from 25 plants in each plot. The insecticides were comprised of Imidaclopid 20Sl, Spinosad 240SC, spinetoram 120SC, Chlorfenapyre, Imidacloprid+fipronil and Abamectin. When the population of thrips reached at Economic Threshold Level (ETL) (10 thrips/flower), the insecticides were sprayed on thrips. The mortality of thrips was observed after application of insecticides. Data regarding the population of thrips were observed before spray and after spray at 24, 72 and 168 h. Percent population reduction was calculated by the following formula:

Statistical analysis

The data regarding mortality % age of thrips were analyzed by using ANOVA and treatments means were compared by Tukey’s test.

Treatments

 

Treatments	Trade name	Common name (formulation)	Dose/100L
T1:	Confidor®	Imidacloprid 20Sl	240ml
T2:	Tracer®	Spinosad 240SC	50ml
T3:	Radiant®	Spinetoram 120SC	60ml
T4:	Dominex®	Chlophenapyre	120ml
T5:	Lasenta®	Imidacloprid+fipronil	45g
T6:	Shogun®	Abamectin	250ml
T7:		Control	-

 

Results and Discussion

Mortality of Thrips during 2021

Percent mortality of Thrips 24 hours after spray during 2021: The data on the efficacy of insecticides against population reduction of thrips after 24 hours of spray for the year 2021 is presented in Table 1. The maximum percentage mortality of thrips after 24 hours of insecticides application was observed in plots treated with Imidacloprid + fipronil (68.45%), Spinosad (65.45%), Spinetoram (53.40%), Chlorfenapyr (40.70%) followed by Abamectin (32.50%), and Imidacloprid (25.30%) (Figure 1).

 

Percent mortality of Thrips 72 hours after sp

ray during 2021: The data pertaining to performance of numerous insecticides for the control of thrips after 72 hours of spray for the year, 2021 is listed in Table 1. The highest percentage mortality of thrips after 72 hours of insecticides application was recorded in plots treated with Imidacloprid + fipronil (72.70%), Chlorfenapyr (71.20%), Spinosad (70.00%), spinetoram (58.60%) followed by Abamectin (48.20%) and Imidacloprid (24.60%). Different insecticides performed effectively against mortality of thrips (Figure 2).

 

Percent mortality of Thrips 168 hours after spray during 2021: The data concerning to mortality % of thrips after 168 hours of spray depicted a highly significant difference among the insecticides in 2021 (Table 1). The maximum percentage mortality of thrips after 168 hours of insecticides application was counted in Imidacloprid+fipronil (64.25%), Spinosad (63.00%), Chlorfenapyre (62.60%) and Spintoram (49.45%). Minimum mortality was recorded in abamectin (39.40%) and imidacloprid (18.00%). The population of thrips was highly affected by application of insecticides on Jasminum sambac (Figure 3).

 

Mortality of Thrips during 2022

Percent mortality of Thrips 24 hours after spray during 2022: The data regarding the mortality % of thrips after 24 hours of spray for the year, 2022 is presented in Table 2. Among the insecticides the maximum percentage mortality of thrips was seen

 

Table 1: Mean comparison of percent mortality of thrips 24, 72 and 168 hr after spraying insecticides during 2021.

Treatments	Common name	Population				After 24 hr	After 72 hr	after 168 hr
		Before spray	24 hr	72 hr	168 hr
T1:	Imidacloprid 20Sl	11.60	8.66	8.74	9.51	25.30F	24.60F	18.00F
T2:	Spinetoram 120SC	10.70	4.98	4.42	5.41	53.40C	58.60D	49.45D
T3:	Spinosad 240SC	13.40	4.62	4.02	4.95	65.45B	70.00C	63.00B
T4:	Imidacloprid+fipronil	10.50	3.31	2.86	3.75	68.45A	72.70A	64.25A
T5:	Chlorfenapyre	12.40	7.35	3.57	4.63	40.70D	71.20B	62.60C
T6:	Abamectin	10.80	7.29	5.59	6.54	32.50E	48.20E	39.40E
T:7	Control	11.50	13.75	15.40	17.20	-	-	-
LSD value@ 5%						0.34	0.44	0.46

Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by Tukey’s Test at P = 0.05

 

Table 2: Mean comparison of percent mortality of thrips 24, 72 and 168 hr after spray during 2022.

Treatments	Common name	Population				After 24 hr	After 72 hr	After 168 hr
		Before spray	24 hr	72 hr	168 hr
T1:	Imidacloprid 20SL	10.90	7.80	7.49	8.46	28.40F	31.30F	22.30F
T2:	Spinetoram 120SC	12.50	5.22	4.68	5.81	58.20C	62.50D	53.45D
T3:	Spinosad 240SC	9.90	3.02	2.52	3.36	69.50B	74.50B	66.00B
T4:	Imidacloprid+fipronil	13.20	3.84	3.06	4.30	70.90A	76.80A	67.35A
T5:	Chlofenapyre	10.18	5.43	2.88	4.03	49.70D	73.30C	62.60C
T6:	Abamectin	12.40	8.69	6.63	7.87	29.90E	46.50E	36.50E
T:7	Control	11.90	12.80	14.60	16.90	-	-	-
LSD value						0.37	1.00	0.96

Means sharing similar letters are not significantly different by Tukey’s test at P = 0.05

 

with Imidacloprid+fipronil (70.90%) and Spinosad (69.50%) respectively followed by Chlorfenapyre (58.20%) and Spinetoram (49.70%). The mortality % of thrips was statistically at par in insecticides Abamectin (29.90%), and Imidacloprid (28.40 %) respectively. The population of thrips was significantly reduced in different insecticides on Jasminum sambac (Figure 4).

 

Percent mortality of Thrips 72 hours after spray during 2022: The data regarding mortality % of thrips for the year, 2022 after 72 hours of spray is presented in Table 2. The maximum percentage mortality of thrips was recorded in insecticides Imidacloprid+ fipronil (76.80%), Spinosad (74.50%), Chlofenapyre (73.30%), Spintoram (62.50%) followed by Abamectin (46.50%) and Imidacloprid (31.30%). All insecticides significantly decreased the population of thrips on Jasminum sambac (Figure 5).

 

Percent mortality of Thrips 168 hours after spray during 2022: The effect of various insecticides against mortality % thrips after 168 hours of spray for the year, 2022 is presented in Table 2. The highest mortality % of thrips was noted with Imidacloprid + fipronil (67.35%), Spinosad (66.0%), Spintoram (62.60%), Chlorfenapyre (53.45%) followed by Abamectin (36.50%) and Imidacloprid (22.30%). The mortality % of thrips was greatly influenced in all insecticides on Jasminum sambac (Figure 6).

 

The use of insecticides against insect pests is an effective tool to provide an immediate solution to control and seems to be most important pest management strategy in enhancing agricultural produce (Saini et al., 2010). The research trial was carried out to screen out the most suitable insecticide for the control of Western Flower Thrips on Jasminum sambac flower. Following insecticides i.e., Imidacloprid 20Sl, Spinosad 240SC, Spintoram 120SC, Chlorphenapyre, Imidacloprid+fipronil and abamectin were tested against thrips. The result indicated that maximum mortality 24 hour after application was recorded due to Imidacloprid+fipronil i.e. (68.45% and 70.90) followed by Spinosad (65.45% and 69.50), Spintoram (53.40% and 58.20) and Chlorfenapyar (40.70% and 49.70) during both years of studies in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Our results are in accordance with the study of Pandey et al. (2013) recorded that lowest thrips population by applying fipronil. The other workers also reported that fipronil and imidachlorprid reduced the thrips damage severity (Ullah et al., 2010; Gachu et al., 2012).

During 72 and 168 hours of application maximum mortality was recorded by application of Imidacloprid+Fipronil i.e., 64-76% followed by Spinosad i.e., 63-74% followed by Chlorfenapyre i.e., 62-73%. However least mortality was observed by applying abamectin i.e., 36-46% during both years of studies i.e., 2021-2022, respectively. Our results are in accordance with Jadhao et al. (2016) concluded that Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.018% against thrips was more effective and it decreased the population of thrips about (67.3%). Prasad and Ahmad (2009) studied that population of Scirtothrips dorsalis was effectively inhibited by Spinosad. Meena and Raju (2014) examined that thrips population was reduced to a greater extent by application of fipronil 5% SC on chilli. Sumitha et al. (2008) investigated that population of Scirtothrips dorsalis was controlled effectively by fipronil 5 SC @ 0.01%. Ravikumar et al. (2016) observed that maximum yield (30050 kg ha-1) was recorded by spray of Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.01 % against thrips.

Conclusions and Recommendations

From the findings of present studies, it is concluded that Imidacloprid + Fipronil and Spinosad insecticides are highly effective against Jasminum sambac thrips as compared to other insecticides. These insecticides can be recommended to the growers to manage the thrips population below economic threshold level on Jasminum sambac.

Acknowledgements

This research was funded from regular funds of research provided by Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab, Pakistan. Authors are thankful to Entomological Research Sub Station, Multan for their technical support.

Novelty Statement

Studies were carried out to find out effective insecticides against flower thrips on jasmine to recommend the farmers of jasmine crop.

Author’s Contribution

Iftikhar Ahmad: Prepared initial draft, worked in field collected data and prepared initial manuscript.

Tahir Saeed: Critically reviewed the manuscript, analyzed the data and prepared graphs.

Qaisar Abbas: Conceived idea and designed studies.

Umair Faheem: Critically reviewed the manuscript and plotted graphs.

Muhammad Saleem Akhtar Khan, Mussurrat Hussain, Tanveer Ahmad, Gulzar Akhtar, Asifa Hameed and Muhammad Jamil: worked in field and collected data. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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